The “Torreon” of Machu Picchu as an Observatory

Bingham H. , Machu Picchu: A citadel of the Incas (New Haven, 1930), 3.

Ibid., 87.

Bingham H. , Inca land (New York, 1922), 91.

Bingham , Machu Picchu, 235.

Bingham H. , Lost city of the Inca (New York, 1948), 148.

Bingham , Inca land, 321; de la Vega Garcilazo . The Incas, ed. by Gheerbrant Alain (New York, 1961), 119.

de la Vega Garcilazo , The Incas, 214.

Ibid., 217.

Urton G. , “The astronomical system of a community in the Peruvian Andes”, Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois (1979), ch. 7.

Zuidema R. T. , “The role of the Pleiades and the Southern Cross, and α and β Centauri in the calendar of the Incas”, in Archaeoastronomy and ethnoastronomy in the American tropics, ed. by Aveni A. F. and Urton G. (New York, 1982), 202–29.

Urton G. , “Orientation in Guechua and Incaic astronomy”, Ethnology, xvii (1978), 157–67.

Zuidema , op. cit.

Isbell B. J. , To defend ourselves (Austin, Texas, 1978), 155.

Zuidema R. T. and Urton G. , “La constelacion de la Llama en los Andes peruanos”, Allpanchis Phuturinqa, ix (1976), 59–119.

Urton , “Orientation in Guechua and Incaic astronomy”.

Urton , “The astronomical system of a community in the Peruvian Andes”.

Zuidema R. T. , private communication.

Molloy J. P. White R. E. Culbert T. P. and Kayser D. H. , “The Casa Grande archaeological zone pre-Columbian astronomical observatory”, report to National Park Service (1973).

Aveni A. F. , “Tropical astronomy”, Science, ccxiii (1981), 161–71.

Vargas V. A. , Pisaq, Metropoli Inka (Lima, Peru, 1970).

de Ayala Guaman Poma Felipe , El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno (original and translation into modern Spanish, Lima, 1956), i, 416.

“In the sowing of the crops, they follow the month, the day, the hour, and the point where the Sun moves; they watch the high hills in the morning, the brightness, and the rays that the Sun aims at the window; by this clock they sow and harvest the crops each year in this domain” (transl, by Schreiber K. J. Dr ).

Zuidema R. T. , “The Inca calendar”, in Native American astronomy, ed. by Aveni A. F. (Austin, Texas, 1977), 219–59.