The Effects of Defence Science on the Advance of Astronomy

Clark R. W. , Tizard (London, 1965).

Snow C. P. , Science and government (London, 1961).

Snow C. P. , A postscript to “Science and government” (London, 1962).

Watt Watson R. A. , Three steps to victory (London, 1957).

Rowe A. P. , One story of radar (London, 1948).

Hey J. S. , The evolution of radio astronomy (London, 1973).

Edge D. O. and Mulkay M. J. , Astronomy transformed (New York, 1976).

Ewen H. I. and Purcell E. M. , “Radiation from Galactic Hydrogen at 1420 Mc/sec”, Nature, clxviii (1951), 356.

National Academy of Sciences, Ground-based astronomy: A ten year programme (Washington, DC, 1964).

National Academy of Sciences, Astronomy and astrophysics for the 1970′s (Washington, DC, 1972).

A description of this pre-war work in America and elsewhere may be found in Lovell A. C. B. , “Meteoric Ionization and Ionospheric Abnormalities”, Physical Society reports on progress in physics, xl (1948), 415–43.

Hey J. S. , “Solar Radiations in the 4–6 Metre Wave-length Band”, Nature, clvii (1946), 47–48.

Southworth G. C. , “Microwave Radiation from the Sun”, Journal of the Franklin Institute, ccxxxix (1945), 285–97.

Hey J. S. and Stewart G. S. , “Derivation of Meteor Stream Radiants by Radio Reflexion Methods”, Nature, clviii (1946), 481–2.

Hey J. S. Parsons S. J. and Phillips J. W. , “Fluctuations in Cosmic Radiation at Radio Frequencies”, Nature, clviii (1946), 234.

An account of the RRE-Jodrell collaboration will be found in Lovell B. , Out of the zenith (London, 1973).

Lovell B. , The story of Jodrell Bank (London, 1968).

Lovell B. , “Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett, Baron Blackett of Chelsea 1897–1974”, Biographical memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, xxl (1975), 1–115, p. 34, and P. M. S. Blackett—A biographical memoir (London, 1976).

Blackett P. M. S. and Lovell A. C. B. , “Radio Echoes and Cosmic Ray Showers”, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, A, clxxvii (1941), 183–6.

Hey , op. cit. (ref. 6) 74.

Pawsey J. L. , “Radio Astronomy in Australia”, The journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, xlvii (1953), 137–152. See also Lovell B. , “Joseph Lade Pawsey 1908–1962”, Biographical memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, x (1964), 229–43.

Pawsey J. L. McCready L. L. and Payne-Scott R. , “Solar Radiation at Radio Frequencies and its Relation to Sunspots”, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, A, cxc (1947), 357.

Pawsey J. L. Payne-Scott R. and McCready L. L. , “Radio-Frequency Energy from the Sun”, Nature, clvii (1946), 158–9.

Pawsey J. L. and Payne-Scott R. , “Measurement of the Noise Levels Picked up by an S-Band Aerial”, Radiophysics Laboratory unpublished Research Report, no. 209 (dated 11 April 1944).

Ewen H. I. and Purcell E. M. , op. cit. (ref. 8); Muller C. A. and Oort J. H. , “The Interstellar Hydrogen Line at 1,420 Mc/sec., and an Estimate of Galactic Rotation”, Nature, clxviii (1951), 357–8; and Pawsey J. L. , ibid., 358 (cable announcing confirmation by Christiansen and Hindman).

Lovell B. , The origins and international economics of space exploration (Edinburgh, 1973).

See Table 6, p. 45 of United States and Soviet progress in space: Summary data through 1974 and a forward look, Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Paper (Washington, DC, 13 January 1975).

See Table 6, p. 46 of United States and Soviet progress in space: Summary data through 1975 and a forward look, Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service Paper (Washington, DC, 2 February 1976).

The data for 1976 have been kindly supplied to me by Dr Sheldon Charles S. . They differ somewhat from the 1976 figures given in Soviet Aerospace (Washington, DC, 8 December 1976, p. 76; 20 December 1976, p. 124; and 10 January 1977, p. 13).

Soviet space programmes 1971–75, i, ch. 1 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1976).

A more detailed analysis and a comparison with gross national expenditure may be found in Lovell B. , Man's relation to the universe (San Francisco, 1975), 23–28.

Society Royal , Report on the needs of fundamental science after the war (London, 1945). See also Lovell , op. cit. (ref. 18) 45.

Bullard E. , “The Effects of World War II on the Development of Knowledge in the Physical Sciences”, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, A, cccxlii (1975), 519–36.

Scientific manpower, Comnd 6824 (H.M.S.O., May 1946).

Ratcliffe J. A. , “Physics in a University Laboratory before and after World War II”, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, A, cccxlii (1975), 457–64.

The flow into employment of scientists, engineers and technologists, Comnd 3760 (H.M.S.O., September 1968).

Klebesadel R. W. Strong I. B. and Olson R. A. , “Observations of Gamma-Ray Bursts of Cosmic Origin”, Astrophysical journal letters, clxxxii (1973), L85–L88.

Strong I. B. Klebesadel R. W. and Olson R. A. , “A Preliminary Catalog of Transient Cosmic Gamma-Ray Sources Observed by the Vela Satellites”, Astrophysical journal letters, clxxxviii (1974), L1–L3.

See for example Ryle M. and Lovell A. C. B. , “Interference to Radio Astronomy from Belts of Orbiting Dipoles (Needles)”, Quarterly journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, iii (1962), 100–8.

Grossi M. D. and Colombo G. , “Atmospheric Modifications by a High-Power Microwave Beam at 22.2 GHz (Water-Vapour Absorption Line)”, Center for Astrophysics [Cambridge, Mass.], Preprint Series, no. 617 (1976); to appear in Journal of microwave power.

Aviation week and space technology, cvi (1977), 22, and Soviet aerospace, 10 January 1977, p. 12. This paper was read at a Discussion Meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society in January 1977.