B. A. Gould and His Astronomical Journal

This thesis is confirmed especially by the abortive attempts to found journals, see Herrmann D. B. , “Die Entstehung der astronomischen Fachzeitschriften in Deutschland (1798–1821)”, Dissertation, Section Physics, Humboldt University (Berlin, 1969), 23 (to be published in Publications of the Archenhold Observatory).

Allgemeine Geographische Ephemeriden , Von Zach F. X. (Weimar, 1798–1799); see Herrmann D. B. , “Franz Xaver von Zach und seine Allgemeinen Geographischen Ephemeriden”, in Sudhoffs Archiv , lii (1969), 347–359; Monatliche Correspondenz zur Beförderung der Erdund Himmels-Kunde , ed. Von Zach F. X. (from 1804 de facto by Von Lindenau B. A. ) ( Gotha , 1800–1813); Zeitschrift fur Astronomie und verwandte Wissenschaften , ed. v. Lindenau B. A. Bohnenberger J. G. ( Tübingen , 1816–1818); Astronomische Nachrichten , ed. Schumacher H. C. ( Altona , 1821–).

Jahn G. A. , Geschichte der Astronomie vom Anfange des 19. Jahrhunderts bis zum Ende des Jahres 1842 (Leipzig, 1844), gives the percentage of observatories in the various countries as approximately as follows: Germany 31%, England 16%, Italy 12%. An only slightly different picture results from the figures given by Airy G. B. in Abriss einer Geschichte der Astronomie im Anfange des 19. Jahrhunderts (Vienna, 1835), 11.

See Larink J. , “Aus der Geschichte der amerikanischen Sternwarten”, in Das Weltall , xxiv (1924–25), 61–7 and 94–7.

See Milham W. I. , Early American observatories (Williamston, 1938), 52.

Airy G. B. , Abriss …, 12.

Weltgeschichte in Daten (Berlin, 1966), 691–3.

See Cajori F. , The chequered career of Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler (Boston, 1924), and “A century of American geodesy”, Isis , xiv (1930), 411–6; see also Galle A. , “Die Jahrhundertfeier des Bestehens der Coast and Geodetic Survey der Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika 1916”, Die Naturwissenschaften , v (1917), 123–5.

“Hassler enriched European technique by inventions of his own, placing American geodetic operations, as Bessel stated, on a plane of perfection surpassing that of Europe” (Cajori, “A century of American geodesy”, 411).

Schmidt Th. , “Statistisch-soziologische Bemerkungen zur Geschichte der Astronomie”, Die Sterne , xxxiii (1957), 100–14. On the rise of American astronomy see Reingold N. , “The rise of astronomy” in Science in nineteenth-century America (New York, 1964), 134–43. See also Musto D. F. , “A survey of the American observatory movement, 1800–1850” in Vistas in astronomy , ix (1967), 87–92.

Baily S. J. , The history and work of Harvard Observatory 1839–1927 (New York and London, 1931), 31.

Chandlerl S. C. in Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , lvii (1896–97), 218–22. See also Müller G. , “Benjamin Apthorp Gould”, Vierteljahrsschrift der Astronomischen Cesellschaft , xxxii (1897), 138–45.

Gould B. A. Schumacher H. C. , unpublished letters, Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Berlin, manuscript department, Schumacher bequest, letter dated 17 November 1848. (All quotations are in modern spelling; small errors have been corrected.).

Peters C. A. F. (ed.), “Briefwechsel zwischen Gauss C. F. Schumacher H. C. , v (Altona, 1863), 288.

Ibid. 305.

Ibid. 363. Gould travelled with the Hungarian engineer, A. Neumann, whom he had met at the Altona Observatory. Neumann had been chosen by Karl Nagy—a well-educated and well-travelled promoter of astronomy in Hungary—to work at the observatory which Nagyerected in Bicske from 1845. Nagy had sent his assistant to Altona to gain practical training and experience. See Kelenyi O. B. , “Geschichte der Ungarischen Astronomie”, Astronomische Abhandlungen des Königlich Ungarischen Astrophysikalischen Observatoriums , i, no. 2 (Budapest, 1930), 83. When Gould arrived in Bickse the observatory was not complete, but part of the instruments were already there and he was able to see them. After the observatory ended its operations, its instruments were offered for sale in Gould's journal, see The astronomical journal , iii (1854), 104.

Peters , Brief wechsel 401.

Ibid. 427, and Gould's letters to Schumacher H. C. (see ref. 13), 1–2.

Peters , Briefwechsel 427.

Ibid. 430.

Ibid. 431.

Gould's letters to Schumacher H. C. , 3–4.

Ibid. .

Ibid. , 17–18.

Ibid. .

Ibid. , 19–20.

Gerardy T. , Nachträge zum Briefwechsel zwischen Carl Friedrich Gauss und Heinrich Christian Schumacher (Göttingen, 1969), 191.

Peters Briefwechsel Briefwechsel 288.

Hurwitz A. Rudio F. (ed.), Briefe von G. Eisenstein an M. A. Stern (Leipzig, 1885), 184. Information from Dr Biermann K.-R. .

See Wattenburg D. , Johann Gottfried Galle 1812–1910 (Leipzig, 1963), 88, and Galle J. G. , “Konzept eines Briefes an B. A. Gould”, dated 24 April 1873, Wattenberg collection of autographs.

Peters , Briefwechsel 291.

See Bruhns C. , Johann Franz Encke (Leipzig, 1869), 176.

See ref. 29.

Peters , Briefwechsel 331, 334, 349.

Gauss B. A. Gould to C. F. , unpublished letters, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, Göttingen, manuscript department, Gauss bequest, letter dated 2 April 1850; see also Peters , Briefwechsel 435.

Peters , Briefwechsel 291.

Ibid. 427.

Gould B. A. Encke J. F. , unpublished letters, Archiv der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Encke bequest; letter dated 3 June 1849.

Gould's letter to Schumacher H. C. dated 21 January 1849.

Peters , Briefwechsel , 15–16; see also Gould's letter to Gauss dated 10 May 1849.

Gould's letter to Schumacher H. C. dated 30 April 1849.

Letter dated 12 June 1849.

Letter dated 23 July 1849.

Gould had 75 subscribers ($500), five promoters who “had obligated themselves” for up to $100 and three up to $50. See Gould's letter to Schumacher H. C. dated 31 December 1849.

Preamble (2 November 1849) in AJ , i (1849–51), 1.

Gould's letter to Schumacher H. C. dated 31 December 1849; see also Gould B. A. , Reply to the ‘Statement of the Trustees’ of the Dudley Observatory (Albany, 1859), 239.

See Herrmann D. B. , op. cit. , (ref. 2 above), 356.

Correspondence between Gould and Schumacher continued until the latter's death, see also AJ , i (1851), 143. AN was well-known in America. Gould personally and a number of American bodies fought to save it during the confusions of the 1848–49 revolution. See Gould's letter to Schumacher H. C. (undated), ref. 13 above, pp. 15–16, and Einige Urtheile des Auslandes über Conferenzrath Schumacher's Arbeiten (Altona, no date), 17.

Herrmann D. B. , “Die Internationalität der ersten astronomischen Fachzeitschriften” (in preparation).

See AJ , iv (1856), 80.

Gould , Reply 239.

AJ , xvii (1896), 34.