Eclipse Observations Made by Jesuit Astronomers in China: A Reconsideration

Huang Ji and Yong Liu (eds), Qing-chao Wen-xian Tong-kao, chap. 263, 1(a)–5(a) and chap. 264, 1(a)–9(a).

Wylie A. , Chinese researches: Scientific (Shanghai, 1897), 69–72.

Observatory Beijing , Zhong-guo Gu-dai Tian-xiang Ji-lu Zong-ji (Union table of the records of celestial phenomena from ancient China) (Nan-jing, 1988), 227–42 and 317–34.

Jiu-Jin Chen , “The conversion of the times of solar eclipse in ancient Chinese records with an analysis of their precision”, Zi-ran Ke-xue-shi Yan-jiu (Studies in the history of natural science), ii (1983), 303–15.

Stephenson F. R. and Fatoohi L. J. , “Accuracy of solar eclipse observations made by Jesuit astronomers in China”, Journal for the history of astronomy, xxvi (1995), 227–36, and “Accuracy of lunar eclipse observations made by Jesuit astronomers in China”, ibid., xxvii (1996), 61–67.

Guan-Qi Xu , Xin-fa Suan-shu (Books on new calculating methods), chap. 2, 11(b)–13(b). This book was originally compiled on the basis of European astronomy from 1628 to 1644.

Huang Ji and Yong Liu (eds), op. cit. (ref. 1), chap. 263, 3(b).

Hallerstein Augustino , Observationes astronomicae ab anno 1717 ad annum 1752 (Vienna, 1768), Part I, 3.

Hallerstein Augustin , “A letter to Dr. Mortimer, Sec. R.S”, Philosophical transactions, xlvii (1751–52), 320.

Guan-Qi Xu , op. cit. (ref. 6), chap. 1, 32(b)–36(a).

Needham Joseph , Heavenly clockwork: The great astronomical clocks of medieval China (Cambridge, 1960), 142–54.

Hallerstein , op. cit. (ref. 8), Part I, 3 and pp. 321–5.

Huang Ji and Yong Liu (eds), op. cit. (ref. 1), chap. 263, 3(a).

Sang-A Yi , Da-qing Hui-dian Kan-xi Chao (Collected ordinance of the Great Qing Kiang-xi era), chap. 236, 3(b).

Shu-Ren Bo , “Records of astronomical observations in the files of the Qing Tian Jian (The Royal Bureau of Astronomy) of the Qing Dynasty (I)”, Ke-ji-shi Wen-ji (Collected papers in the history of science and technology, Science and Technology Press of Shanghai), iii (1980), 155–66.

Huang Ji and Yong Liu (eds), op. cit. (ref. 1), chap. 263, 2(a)–(b).

Qi Ma , Sheng-zu Shi-lu (True record of Emperor Kang-xi), chap. 10, 10.

Philosophical transactions , xlii (1742–43), 306–14; xliv (1746–47), 264–6; and xlvii (1751–52), 376–84.

Observations mathématiques, astronomiques, géographiques, chronologiques et physiques: Tirées des anciens livres chinois ou faites nouvellement aux Indes et à la Chine, par les Pères de la Compagnie de Jésus; redigées et publiées par le P. E. Souciet … (Paris, 1729), 31–98. Some observations in this book were made between 1708 and 1726 by Jesuit astronomers in China.

Hallerstein , op. cit. (ref. 8).

Shu-Ren Bo , op. cit. (ref. 15).

Sang-A Yi , op. cit. (ref. 14), 8(b).

Yunli Shi , “An abstract of the Li-xiang Kao-cheng Hou-bian (Continued edition of the canon for calendar and astronomy)”, Zhong-guo Ke-xue Ji-shu Dian-ji Tong-hui (A comprehensive collection of Chinese classics in science and technology) (He-nan, 1997), Astronomy Section, vii, 959–63.

China First Archives and Bejing Ancient Observatory (co-editors), Qing-dai Tian-wen Dang-an Zi-liao Hui-bian (A collection of the Qing Dynasty archival materials of astronomy) (He-nan, 1996), 240–400.

Mun-Won Sung (ed.), Tongmun Hwigo (A collection of the China-related diplomatic documents) (Seoul, 1978), 815–51 and 3287–327.

Yunli Shi , op. cit. (ref. 23).

Beijing Observatory, op. cit. (ref. 3), 179.

Ibid., 186–99.