Translating Social Needs Into Action

See Proceedings of the Internationaf Conference of Ministers Responsible for Social Welfare, Sept. 3-12, 1968 (E/Conf. 55/2.2, para. 6).

United Nations, Declaration on Social Progress and development, April 1970, Article 2.

There are few deflnitive studies which give evidence on this point. A comprehensive review of research on this matter was undertaken by David Macarov , Incentive to Work, (San Francisco Josey-Bass, 1970). The United States Office of Economic Opportunity has been conducting an experiment in Trenton, New Jersey, where 1300 families are given a "guaranteed Income" by the government. Preliminary conclusions of the Office of Economic Opportunity are that such guaranteed income does not result in loss of incentive, but actually leads to better-paying jobs. (Reported in The Wall Street Journal, May 10, 1971, p. 4.).

Norman F. Contor , The Age of Protest; Dissent and Liberalism In the Twentieth Century (N.Y. Hawthorn Books, Inc. 1969) IXX.

John W. Gardner , The Recovery of Confidence, (New York; W. W. Norton & Co., Inc., 1970) p. 17.

United Nations, Declaration on Social Progress and Development, Ibid., Art. 4.

Norman F. Contor , The Age of Protest: Dissent and Liberalism in the Twentieth Century (N.Y. Hawthorn Books, Inc. 19691 XIII.

Edward V. Schnieer (ed.) Policy-Making in American Government, (N.Y.: Basic Books, Inc., 1969) p. x.

Stephen K. Bailey , Congress Makes a Law, (N.Y., Columbia University Press, 1950) p. 37.

The basic goals of a good society are expressed in many ways by different persons. John Gardner, op. cit. has expressed them as ancompossing: (1) a society capable of continuous renewal (2) a society encouraging pluralism (3) a society which releases individual potentials (4) a society with a high level of morale (5) a sense of community (6) participation of all citizens In essential decision-making (7) opportunity to serve in meaningful tasks See Melville J. Ulmer , The Welfare State, (Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company, 1969 ) pp. 1-12.

Leslie Lipson , The Great Issues of Politics, Second Edition, (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1960) p. 448.

Victor C. Ferkiss , Technological. Man: The Myth and the Reality , (New York: George Brazilier, 1969). The author argues that technological man requires a philosophy and that social planning is needed.

See Roland F. Warren , Community Change: Planned or Otherwise , Brandeis University, Mimeo, 1970.

See Gunnar Myrdal , Beyond the Welfare State, ( New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963).

Most descriptions of the "planning process" set forth a formula similar to the following: 1) Identify the problem 2) Study and analyze it 3) Bring together the relevant interests in the community 4) Design a plan of action 5) Implement the plan 6) Evaluate the results Robert Morris and Robert H. Binstock , Feasible Planning for Social Change, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966) pp. 12, 13.

Alfred J. Kahn , Theory and Practice of Social Planning, (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, (1969) p. 18.

Paul Davidoff and Thomas A. Reimer , "A Choice Theory of Planning", Journal of The American Institute of Planning, XXVIII, No. 2 (May, 1962) 103-115.

Orville A. Brim , Jr. Education for Child Rearing, ( New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1959) pp. 82-83.

Myron Wiener , "Political Integration and Political Development ," The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, (March, 1965).

Bert Leston Taylor, Canopus, Stanza 1.

U.N. Research Institute for Social Development , Levels of Living and Economic Growth: A comparative Study of Six Countries, -1950-1965, (Geneva, 1969).

Emmanuel G. Westhave , Technological Change — Its Impact on Man and Society, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1970) p. 42.

Raymond Bauer (ed.) Social Indicators, (Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press, 1966) p. 20.

See Raymond A. Bauer , (ed.) Social Indicators, (Cambridge, Mass. The MIT Press, 1966).

Eleanor B. Sheldon and Wilbert E. Moore (ods.) Indicators of Social Change: Concepts and Measurements, (New York, Russell Sago Foundation, 1968).

U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare , Toward a Social Report, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1969).

Otis B. Duncan , Toward Social Reporting: Next Steps, (New York, Russell Saga Foundation, 1969).

Alfred Kahn , op. cit., p. 71.

See for example, W. Brand , "Planning for Balanced Social and Economic Development in the Notheriands" in U.N., Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Planning for Balanced Economic and Social Development: Six Country Case Studies, (New York, 1964).

See Burton Harris, Editor, Urban Development Models: New Tools for Planning, in Journal of the American Institute of Planners. XXI, No. 2 (May, 1965).

David G. Gil , Theoretical Perspectives on the Analysis and Developmen! of Social Policies . Presented at the 98th Annual Forum of tho National Conference on Social Welfare, Dallas, Texas, May 19, 1971. The paper is based on the author's forthcoming book, Social Policy — Analyses and Synthesis, Harvard University Press, 1971.

See also, David, G. Gil , "A Systematic Approach in Social Policy and Analysis", The Social Service Review, December, 197C, pp. 411-426.

The differences between economic and social policy arediscussed in Kenneth T. Boulding , "The Boundaries of Social Policy", Social Work, January 1967, pp. 3-11. See also the author's Principles of Economic Policy, (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall, 1958).

Ibid. Konnoth E. Boulding, p. 10.

Kenneth E. Boulding , op. cit. p. 10, 11.

Bertram M. Gross (ed.) Social Intelligence for America's Future, (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1969) p. VII.

Robert H. Binstock and Cotherino Ely , Editors, The Politics of the Powerless, (Cambridge, Mass, Winthrop Publishers, Inc. 1971) p. 1.

See Alvin W. Schorr , Social Security and Social Services in France, (Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1965.)

Albert Waterston , Planning in Yugoslavia, ( Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1967).

See Walter Gellhorn , Ombudsman and Others, (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1966).

United Nations, Declaration on Social Progress Development, op. cit. Article 19.

See United Nations, Social and Ecommic Factors in Development, UN. Research Institute for Social Development, Genevc, Feb. 1966.

United Nations Declaration of Social Progress and Development, op. cit. Art. 8.