Conceptions and Strategies of Social Work in India

See Warner Boehm , "The Nature of Social Work," Social Work (U.S.A.), April, 1958; and William Gordon , "A Critique of Working Definition," Social Work (U.S.A.), October, 1962.

In 1950, the United Nations International Survey on Training for Social Work observed that the field of social welfare has not settled into fixed or uniform patterns; and, is therefore resistant to clear cut definition.

This was the major theme of the Tenth International Conference of Social Work held in 1961.

See "The Social Work as Used Throughout the World," International Social Work, January-July-October, 1961.

The Working Group on Social Welfare set by the Planning Commission for the preparation of the Third Five Year Plan accepted this conception.

First Five Year Plan (New Delhi, 1952 ), p. 613.

See Second Five Year Plan (New Delhi, 1956) and Third Five Year Plan (New Delhi , 1961).

See The Constitution of India and K.C. Markandan , Direcective Principles in Indian Constitution, (Bombay , 1967).

See United Nations Report on International Definition and Measurement of Standards of Levels of Living (New York, 1954); and K. Mukerji , "Levels of Living of Industrial Workers ," in V. B. Singh (ed.), Economic History of India (Bombay, 1966 ). A vast amount of literature is available which indicates, in clear terms, that a majority of Indian population, both rural and urban, live in poor conditions in terms of food, housing, and clothing.

First Five Year Plan, op. cit, p. 7.

Fourth Five Year Plan, (New Delhi, 1970 ) p. 28.

For a brief history of social service tradition during the British rule, see Edward Blunt (ed), Social Service in India (London, 1938); Charles Heimsath , Indian Nationalism and Hindu Social Reform (Princeton, 1964); K.P. Karunakaran , Religious and Political Awakening in India (Delhi, 1965); and S. Natarajan , A Century of Social Reform in India (Bombay, 1965).

See First, Second, and Third Five Year Plans, op. cit. Chapters on Social Welfare and Public Cooperation; and Report of the Study Term on Social Welfare and Welfare of Backward Classes (New Delhi , 1959).

For a comprehensive review of recent social legislation, see publications of the Planning Commission, Social Legislation, Its Role in Social Welfare (New Delhi. 1956) and Plans and Prospects of Social Welfare in India (New Delhi , 1963). For a detailed discussion on legislation for labour welfare, see A.V. Raman Roo , Industrial Social Services in a Developing Economy (Bombay, 1966).

See P.D. Kulkarni . "Social Welfare in Five Year Plans," in A. R. Wadia (ed.) History and Philosophy of Social Work in India (Bombay, 1961).

See A Statistical Study of Social Welfare Agencies, Central Social Welfare Board (New Delhi, 1964 ), mimeographed.

See P.P. Agarwal , The Grant-in-Aid System in India ( Bombay, 1959) and P.D. Kulkarni , The Central Social Welfare Board (New Delhi, 1961 ).

See Renort of the Grant-in-Aid Code Committee, Central Social Welfare Board (New Delhi, 1961)' and Report of the Study Team on Social Welfare & Welfare of Backward Classes, op. cit

Fourth Five Year Plan, op. cit p. 412.

See Annual Reports of the Central Social Welfare Board and Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Chairmen of State Social Welfare Advisory Boards. Also see Report of the Study Team on Social Welfare and Welfare of Backward Classes. op. cit, Chapter III; Fourth Five Year Plan, op. cit, Chapter 20; The Outline of Draft Fourth Five Year Plan, (New Delhi, 1966 ); and Fourth Five Year Plan, op. cit, pp. 410.

Sen B. Chatterjee . "Urban Community Development in India: The Delhi Pilot Project," in Roy Turner , Indian's Urban Future ( Berketley, 1962): Hans Nagpaul , "Community Development for Urban Areas in India," International Review of Community Development, No. 9, 1962 and Marshall Clinard , Slums and Community Development (New York. 1966). Part III. It seems rather ironic that community development programmes both for rural and urban areas were introduced with extensive American foreign and under the guidance of American expertsl

Sea Report of the Committee on Rural-Urban Relationship (New Delhi, 1966).

Hans Nagpaul , op, cit., and Marshall Clinard , op. cit.

Sen Report of the Committee on Rural-Urban Relationship, op. cit

See Plans and Prospects of Social Welfare in India, op. cit

A Special Officer designated as the Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes has been oppointed under-Article 338 of the Constitution of India to (i) investigate all matters relating to the safeguards for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes provided under the Constitution, and (ii) report to the President on the working of these sofeguards. In lune. 1967. the Commissioner's office was reorganized and a separate organization was set up in the Department of Social Welfare under the chnrge of Director General for Backward Classes' Welfare to formulate schemes for thn welfare of backward classes, watch the proqress of implementation and to maintain liaison with the States.

For recent discussions on the problems of the handicapped, see Encyclopaedia of Social Work in India (New Delhi, 1969) which was completed under the auspices of the Planning Commission. Also see the earlier publications of the Planning Commission, Social Welfare in India, ( New Delhi, 1955) and Plans and Prospects of Social Welfare in India, op. cit

See Third Five Year Plan, op. cit, pp. 725-729.

See Philio Hauser . Urbanization in Asia & the Far East (Unesco, 1957); Taya Zinkin , India Changes (New York, 1958); Daniel lerner , The Passing of Traditional Society (New York, 1958 ); J.F. Bulsara , Problems of Rapid Urbanization in India (Bombay, 1964); M.N. Srinivas , Social Change in Modern India (Berkeley, 1966) and Myron Weiner (ed.) Modernization: The Dynamics of Growth (New York, 1966 ).

See V. Jagannadham . "Social Assistance Schame: Administration and Implementation," Social Forum, July, 1964, and S. Zafar Hasan ," Public Assistance in India," Indian Journal of Labour Economics , January 1962.

See Hans Nagpaul , "Dilemmas of Social Work Education in India " Indian Journal of Social Work, October, 1967, and M.S. Gore. Social Work and Social Work Education (Bombay, 1965).

See the United Nations International Surveys on the Training in Social Work, published in 1950, 1955, 1958 and 1964. The fifth survey is likely to be released shortly.

See Indian Journal of Social Work, April. 1967. Special Issue on Social Education and Report of the Review Committee on Social Work Education in Indian Universities ( New Delhi, 1965).

See Gore, op. cit.

See Report of the Review Committee on Social Work Education in Indian Universities, op. cit.

See Report on Professional Social Workers in India ( Bombay, 1969).

Recently the author has made out a case for the "Indianization" of social work education on these lines. See Hans Nagpaul "Appraisal of Social Work Specialities: Need for Social Administration Perspective on Education in India," Indian Journal of Social Work, July, 1969.