Indigenous and Afro-descendant peoples in Latin America face a bleak social and economic outlook that is exacerbated in rural old age. This research aimed to identify and describe latent profiles of quality of life of these people in a multiethnic Chilean sample of 1692 older people in rural areas, and to characterise these profiles according to sociodemographic variables, territorial identity, depressive symptoms, loneliness and self-rated health. The results provide evidence on the level of perception of quality of life of the sample, resulting in a discussion on the specificity of the design of social policies for these groups.
AgudeloC (2019) Paradojas de la inclusión de los afrodescendientes y el giro multicultural en América Latina. Cuadernos Inter.c.a.mbio Sobre Centroamérica y el Caribe16(2): e37746.
2.
AkaikeH (1987) Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika52: 317–332.
3.
AlcamánE (2016) Los mapuche-huilliche del Futahuillimapu septentrional: Expansión colonial, guerras internas y alianza políticas (1750–1792). Revista de Historia Indígena2: 29–75.
4.
AndersonIRobsonBConnollyM, et al. (2016) Indigenous and tribal peoples’ health (The Lancet-Lowitja Institute Global Collaboration): A population study. The Lancet388(10040): 131–157.
5.
AravenaJMSaguezRLeraL, et al. (2020) Factors related to depressive symptoms and self-reported diagnosis of depression in community-dwelling older Chileans: A national cross-sectional analysis. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry35(7): 749–758.
6.
Armenta-PaulinoNWehrmeisterFCArroyaveL, et al. (2022) Ethnic inequalities in health intervention coverage among Mexican women at the individual and municipality levels. EClinicalMedicine43: 101228.
7.
ArtarazKCalestaniMTruebaML (2021) Introduction: Vivir bien/Buen vivir and post-neoliberal development paths in Latin America: Scope, strategies, and the realities of implementation. Latin American Perspectives48(3): 4–16.
8.
BengoaJ (2009) ¿Una segunda etapa de la Emergencia Indígena en América Latina?Cuadernos de antropología social29: 7–22.
9.
BombakAE (2013) Self-rated health and public health: A critical perspective. Frontiers in Public Health1: 15.
10.
BrinkTLYesavageJALumO, et al. (1982) Screening tests for geriatric depression. Clinical Gerontologist1(1): 37–43.
11.
Campos MuñozLE (2017) Los negros no cuentan. Acerca de las demandas de reconocimiento de los afrodescendientes en Chile y la exclusión pigmentocrática. Antropologías Del Sur4(8): 15–31. https://doi.org/10.25074/rantros.v4i8.754
12.
CarrascoAMGonzálezH (2014) Population mobility and processes of rural–urban linkages between the Aymara of northern Chile. Si Somos Americanos14(2): 217–231.
13.
CarrascoMFernándezMAlexanderE, et al. (2021) Loneliness in older Chilean people: Importance of family dysfunction and depression. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion23(1): 99–109.
14.
CernaCMuñozW (2019) Mobility, kinship and identification in the Codpa Valley, northern Chile. Chungará51: 661–674.
15.
CourseM (2011) Becoming Mapuche: Person and Ritual in Indigenous Chile. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press.
16.
CurreriNABandaAParodiJF, et al. (2022) Rural communities in CESW Africa and Latin America: Contexts for well-being of older adults. Journal of Population Ageing15(4): 1017–1034.
17.
de Jong GierveldJVan TilburgT (2006) A 6-item scale for overall, emotional, and social loneliness: Confirmatory tests on survey data. Research on Aging28(5): 582–598.
18.
DennisMKMinorM (2019) Healing through storytelling: Indigenising social work with stories. The British Journal of Social Work49(6): 1472–1490.
19.
DresselPMinklerMYenI (1997) Gender, race, class, and aging: Advances and opportunities. International Journal of Health Services: Planning, Administration, Evaluation27(4): 579–600.
EspinozaIOsorioPTorrejónMJ, et al. (2011) Validation of the WHOQOLBREF quality of life questionnaire among Chilean. Revista médica de Chile139(5): 579–586.
23.
FuentesCCeaM (2017) Reconocimiento débil: derechos de pueblos indígenas en Chile. Perfiles Latinoamericanos25: 55–75.
24.
Gallardo-PeraltaLPAnguloJTSoto-Higuera, et al. (2022) Cultural practices in indigenous Chilean communities: New findings for social work practice. En The Routledge Handbook of Social Work Field Education in the Global South. Taylor and Francis, pp. 223–238. DOI: 10.4324/9781003270119-20.
25.
Gallardo-PeraltaLPRaymondÉGálvez-NietoJL (2023) Ageing in context: An ecological model to understand social participation among indigenous adults in Chile. Research on Aging45(3–4): 332–346. DOI: 10.1177/01640275221108502.
26.
Gallardo-PeraltaLPSánchez-MorenoEBarrón López de RodaA, et al. (2015) Ethnicity, social support, and depression among elderly chilean people. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied149(6): 601–629. DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2014.946462.
27.
Gallardo-PeraltaLPSánchez-MorenoERodríguez-RodríguezV (2019) Strangers in their own world: Exploring the relation between cultural practices and the health of older adults in native communities in Chile. The British Journal of Social Work49(4): 920–942. DOI: 10.1093/BJSW/BCZ045.
28.
GavilánVViguerasPMadariagaE, et al. (2018) Intercultural aspects of health: A critical analysis of health policies aimed at the Aymara people of northern Chile. Interciencia43: 322–328.
29.
GerlachM (2019) The concept of ‘Buen Vivir’ and the social work profession. Journal of Human Rights and Social Work4: 116–118.
30.
GoddenNJ (2021) Community work, love and the indigenous worldview of Buen Vivir in Peru. International Social Work64(3): 354–370.
HerreraMSFernándezMBBarrosC (2022) Older Chileans, quality of life. In: MagginoF (ed.) Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Cham: Springer, pp. 4825–4829.
35.
HolmanDWalkerA (2021) Understanding unequal ageing: Towards a synthesis of intersectionality and life course analyses. European Journal of Ageing18(2): 239–255.
36.
HoylTValenzuelaEMarínPP (2000) Depresión en el adulto mayor: evaluación preliminar de la efectividad, como instrumento de tamizaje, de la versión de 5 ítems de la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica. Revista médica de Chile128(11): 1199–1204.
37.
LewisJP (2011) Successful aging through the eyes of Alaska native elders: What it means to be an elder in Bristol Bay, AK. The Gerontologist51(4): 540–549.
38.
MarquesBFreemanCCarterL, et al. (2021) Conceptualising therapeutic environments through culture, indigenous knowledge and landscape for health and well-being. Sustainability13(16): 9125.
39.
MazzucchelliN (2021) Personas mayores del Programa Vínculos: La homogeneidad de la experiencia de salud, autonomía y ocupación. Revista Kairós-Gerontologia24(1): 59–78.
40.
MellorDMerinoMESaizJL, et al. (2009) Emotional reactions, coping and long-term consequences of perceived discrimination among the Mapuche people of Chile. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology19(6): 473–491.
MorenoXGajardoJMonsalvesMJ (2022) Gender differences in positive screen for depression and diagnosis among older adults in Chile. BMC Geriatrics22(1): 54.
43.
PaceJEGrenierA (2017) Expanding the circle of knowledge: Reconceptualizing successful aging among North American older indigenous peoples. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences72(2): 248–258.
44.
PalmaC (2021) The Huilliche question and the indigenous census of 1907–1908 in Futahuillimapu (Valdivia, Chile). Tiempo histórico22: 103–127.
45.
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (2023) The Sociodemographic Situation of Indigenous Peoples in Latin America and the Caribbean. Analysis in the Context of Aging and COVID-19. Washington, DC: PAHO.
46.
PowerMQuinnKSchmidtS, et al. (2005) Development of the WHOQOL-old module. Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation14(10): 2197–2214.
47.
QuigleyRRussellSGLarkinsS, et al. (2022) Aging well for indigenous peoples: A scoping review. Frontiers in Public Health10: 780898.
48.
RainRAMuñozAG (2019) Critical interculturality in a decolonial perspective: Challenges for social work training. ConCienciaSocial2(4): 166–182.
49.
RastelliC (2018) Trabajo social y Buen Vivir: Un desafío en los albores del siglo XXI. Políticas Sociales5: 145–151.
50.
RaymondECarrasco PavezVRodríguez GutierrezB, et al. (2023) Estudios sobre la diversidad de los envejecimientos en América Latina y el Caribe: Revisión sistematizada en cuatro cruces. Prisma Social: revista de investigación social42: 142–169.
51.
ReyesL (2012) Social ethno-gerontology: The old age in indigenous contexts. Revista del Centro de Investigación de la Universidad la Salle10(38): 69–83.
52.
Rodríguez-BlázquezCAyala-GarcíaAForjazMJ, et al. (2021) Validation of the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, 6-item version, in a multiethnic population of Chilean older adults. Australasian Journal on Ageing40(2): e100–e108.
53.
Sánchez-MorenoEGallardo-PeraltaLPLeytonC (2021) The social gradient in mental health and well-being for indigenous older adults living in rural areas: A cross-sectional comparison with rural non-indigenous population in Chile. Journal of Aging and Health33(5–6): 287–299.
54.
SchwarzG (1978) Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics6(2): 461–464.
55.
SinclairR (2004) Aboriginal social work education in Canada: Decolonizing pedagogy for the seventh generation. First Peoples Child & Family Review1(1): 49–61.
56.
Tortosa-MartínezJCaus-PertegazNMartínez-RománMA (2014) Vida Triste y Buen Vivir según personas adultas mayores en Otavalo, Ecuador. Convergencia21(65): 147–169.
WellerBEBowenNKFaubertSJ (2020) Latent class analysis: A guide to best practice. Journal of Black Psychology46(4): 287–311.
63.
YennyVP-AEuniceY-PDanielCA-A (2020) Sociodemographic conditions and health profile in the indigenous elderly of the department of nariño. Revista Ciencias De La Salud18(1): 67–81.
