Around 1.2 million women and girls enter the sex trade every year, generating US$1.5 billion annually for their exploiters. Between 30 percent and 35 percent of the victims are girls under 18 years old. This article explores the growing problem of global trafficking of women and children for prostitution and outlines specific policy recommendations.
French
Environ 1,2 millions de femmes et de filles entrent le commerce de sexe chaque année, produisant $1,5 milliards dollars américains annuellement pour leurs exploiteurs. Les filles en bas de 18 ans comptent pour 30-35’ pour cent des victimes. Cet article explore le problème croissant du trafic global des femmes et des enfants, et offre des recommandations spécifiques pour les politiques sociales.
Spanish
Cada año 1,2 millones de mujeres y niñas entran en la industria del sexo, beneficiando a sus explotadores con $1,5 billones anuals. Del 30 al 35 por ciento de las víctimas son menores de 18 años. En este artículo se explora el problema creciente de prostitución de mujeres y menores de edad, y se perfilan algunas recomandaciones específicas de política social.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Anti-Slavery International (2002) ‘Trafficking Arrests Made in First Use of US Law’ (28 March). Retrieved 23 November 2004 from: http://www.antislavery.org/homepage/news/trafficking280302.htm
2.
Bales, K. (1999) Disposable People. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press .
3.
Council of Europe (1950) Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Rome . 4, XI. Retrieved 22 November 2004 from: http://www.conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/html/005.htm
4.
Demir, J.S. (2003) ‘Trafficking of Women for Sexual Exploitation: A Gender-based Well-founded Fear? An Examination of Refugee Status Determination for Trafficked Prostituted Women from CEE/CIS Countries to Western Europe’ , Journal of Humanitarian Assistance. Retrieved 22 November 2004 from: www.jha.ac/articles/a115.pdf
5.
Gribbin, A. (1999) ‘Congress Targets Traffic of Sex Slaves into U.S.: Proposed Ban’ (electronic version) , Insight in the News15(28): 389 .
6.
Hughes, D.M. (2000) ‘The Natasha Trade: The Transnational Shadow Market of Trafficking in Women’ , Journal of International Affairs53(2): 627-654 .
7.
Human Rights Watch (1995a) The Human Rights Watch Global Report on Women’s Human Rights. New York: Human Rights Watch .
8.
Human Rights Watch/Asia (1995b) Rape for Profit. New York: Human Rights Watch .
9.
International Labor Organization (1999) Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention. International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labor. Convention no. 182. Retrieved 22 November 2004 from: www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/ipec/ratification/convention/text.htm
10.
International Organization for Migration (1997) ‘Trafficking in Migrants’, Quarterly Bulletin 13. Geneva, Switzerland . Retrieved 22 November 2004 from: www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/tm14.pdf
11.
Jordan, S. (1997) ‘Sex Trafficking on the Rise’ , Off Our Backs27(10): 89 .
12.
Kanics, J. (1998) ‘Trafficking in Women’ , Foreign Policy in Focus3(30): 13 . Retrieved 22 November 2004 from: www.fpif.org/pdf/vol3/30ifwom.pdf
13.
Organization of African Unity (OAU) (1981) African [Banjul] Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights. Retrieved 22 November 2004 from: www.africa-union.org/Official_documents/Treaties_Conventions_Protocols/BanjulCharter/pdf
14.
Organization of American States (1969) American Convention on Human Rights. Pact of San Jose, Costa Rica. Retrieved 22 November 2004 from: www.oas.org/juridico/english/Treaties/b-32.htm
15.
Organization of American States (1997) Inter-American Convention on International Traffic in Minors. Available online at: www.oas.org/juridico/english/Sigs/b-57.html
16.
Paret, T. , A. Javate-de Dios , C. Hofmann , C. Calalang and T. Arpa (1999) ‘Trafficking in Women and Prostitution in the Asia Pacific. Coalition Against Trafficking in Women Asia Pacific’. Retrieved 22 November 2004 from: http://web.archive.org/web/20010813171455/http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/catw/asiapr1.htm
17.
Peratis, K. , J. Kerr , E.M. Schneider and M. Vandenberg (1999) ‘Markets and Women’s International Human Rights’ , Brooklyn Journal of International Law25(1): 141-156 .
18.
Philippines Government (2000) House Bill 1322, 11th Congress. Manila.
19.
Raghu, M. (1997) ‘Sex Trafficking of Thai Women and the United States Asylum Law Response’ , Georgetown Immigration Law Journal12(1): 145 .
20.
Reuters (2000) ‘U.N., SFOR Involved in Bosnian Prostitution’ (19 May). Retrieved 22 November 2004 from: www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/ukraine/bosnia.htm
21.
Rich, B. (1994) ‘World Bank/IMF: 50 Years is Enough’, in K. Danaher (ed.) 50 Years is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. Boston, MA: South-End Press .
22.
Toepfer, S.F. and B.S. Wells (1994) ‘The Worldwide Market for Sex: A Review of International and Regional Legal Prohibitions Regarding Trafficking in Women’ , Michigan Journal of Gender and Law2(83): 101 .
23.
United Nations (1949) Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others. UN Doc. 96 U.N.T.S. 271. Retrieved 22 November 2004 from: www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/33.htm
24.
United Nations (1957) Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery. Council Resolution 608(XXI). Retrieved 22 November 2004 from: www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/30.htm
25.
United Nations (1981) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Retrieved 22 November 2004 from: www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/text/econvention.htm
26.
United Nations (1989) Convention on the Rights of the Child. UN Doc. A/44/49. Retrieved 22 November 2004 from: www.unicef.org/crc/crc.htm
27.
United Nations Development Programme (2000) ‘Matters of Fact’ , Choices9(3): 28 .
28.
World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (1996a) Background document. Retrieved 18 November 2004 from: www.csecworldcongress.org/en/stockholm/press/index.htm
29.
World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (1996b) ‘Feature 5: Europe’ . United States Embassy, Stockholm. Retrieved 22 November 2004 from: www.usemb.se/children/csec/feature5.html
30.
World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (1996c) ‘Tourism and Children in Prostitution’. Retrieved 18 November 2004 from: www.csecworldcongress.org/en/stockholm/Background/index.htm
31.
World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (1996d) ‘Prevention and Psycho-Social Rehabilitation of Child Victims of Commercial Sexual Exploitation’. Retrieved 18 November 2004 from: www.csecworldcongress.org/en/stockholm/Background/index.htm
32.
World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (1996e) ‘Declaration and Agenda for Action’. Retrieved 17 November 2004 from: www.csecworldcongress.org/stockholm/Outcome_documents
33.
World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (1996f) ‘The International Legal Framework and Current National Legislative and Enforcement: Executive Summary’. Retrieved 18 November 2004 from: http://www.csecworldcongress.org/PDF/en/Stockholm/Background/index.htm
