Needs Not Diagnosis: Towards a More Rational Approach To Community Mental Health Resourcing in Britain

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Anthony, P. , Ellphick, M. & Lelliot, P. (1993) Casemix in psychiatry. Psychiatric Bulletin, 17, 8-9.

Bebbington, A.C. & Davies, B. (1980) Territorial need indicators: a new approach Part I. Journal of Social Policy, 9, 145-168.

Blom-Cooper, L. & Murphy, E. (1991) Mental health services and resources. Psychiatric Bulletin, 15, 65-68.

Challis, D. , Chesterman, J. & Traske, K. (1993) Case management: costing the experiments. In Costing Community Care: Theory and Practice (eds. A. Netten & J. Beecham). London: Ashgate.

Choca, J.P. , Peterson, C.A. , Shanley, L.A. , Richards, H. & Mangoubi, E. (1988) Problems in using statistical models to predict psychiatric length of stay: an illustration. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 39, 195-197.

Davies, L.M. & Drummond, M.F. (1990) The economic burden of schizophrenia . Psychiatric Bulletin, 14, 522-525.

Department Of Health (1991) The Health of the Nation. London: HMSO.

English, J.T. , Sharfstein, S.S. , Scherl, D.J. , Astrachan, B. & Muszynski, I.L. (1986) Diagnosis-related groups and general hospital psychiatry: the APA study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 131-139.

Essock-Vitale, S. (1987) Patient characteristics predictive of treatment costs on inpatient psychiatric wards. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 38, 263-269.

10.

Frank, R.G. & Lave, J.R. (1985) The psychiatric DRGs: are they different? Medical Care, 23, 1148-1155.

11.

Fulop, G. , Strain, J.J. , Fahs, M.C. , Hammer, J.S. & Lyons, J.S. (1989) Medical disorders associated with psychiatric comorbidity and prolonged hospital stay. Hospital and Community Psychiatry , 40, 80-82.

12.

George, M. (1993) Funding the act. Nursing Times , February 3, 24-25.

13.

Griffiths, R. (1988) Community Care: An Agenda for Action. London: HMSO.

14.

Ham, C. & Hunter, D.J. (1988) Managing clinical activity in the NHS. London: King's Fund Institute.

15.

Hirsch, S. (1988) Psychiatric Beds and Resources: Factors Influencing Bed Use and Service Planning. Gaskell: The Royal College of Psychiatrists.

16.

Horn, S.D. , Chambers, A.F. , Sharkey, P.D. & Horn, R.A. (1989) Psychiatric severity of illness: a case mix study . Medical Care, 27, 69-83.

17.

Hunter, D. & Wistow, G. (1987) Mapping the organisational context. I Central departments, boundaries and responsibilities. In Community Care in Britain: Variations on a Theme (eds. D. Hunter & G. Wistow). London: King Edward's Hospital Fund for London.

18.

Jenkins, R. , Smeeton, N. & Shepherd, M. (1988) Classification of mental disorder in primary care . Psychological Medicine. Suppl. 12, 1-59.

19.

Kiesler, C.A. & Morton, T.L. (1988) Prospective payment system for inpatient psychiatry . American Psychologist, 43, 141-150.

20.

Kingdon, D. (1989) Mental health services: results of a survey of English district plans. Psychiatric Bulletin, 13, 77-78.

21.

Knapp, M. , Wistow, G. & Jones, N. (1992) Smart moves. The Health Service Journal, 29 October, 26-30.

22.

Klein, R. (1991a) The American health care predicament. British Medical Journal, 303, 259-260.

23.

Klein, R. (1991b) The politics of change. British Medical Journal, 302, 1102-1103.

24.

Leff, J. (1992) Schizophrenia: aetiology, prognosis and course . In The Primary Care of Schizophrenia (eds. R. Jenkins, V. Field & R. Young). London: HMSO.

25.

Lyons, J.S. , O'Mahoney, M.T. & Larson, D.B. (1991) The attending psychiatrist as a predictor of length of stay. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 42, 1064-1066.

26.

McCrone P. , Beecham, J. & Knapp, M. (1992) Community psychiatric nurses in a community support team: a cost evaluation of the Greenwich innovation. PSSRU Discussion Paper, 794.

27.

McGovern, M.P. , Lyons, J.S. & Pomp, H.C. (1990) Capitation payment systems and public mental health care: implications for psychotherapy with the seriously mentally ill. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60, 298-304.

28.

Mental Health Foundation (1987) Schizophrenia: a briefing for all those concerned with the treatment and care of schizophrenia. London: Mental Health Foundation.

29.

Mezzich, J.E. (1991) Architecture of clinical information and prediction of service utilization and cost. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17, 469-474.

30.

Mind (1983) Common Concern. London: MIND Publication s.

31.

Mitchell, J.B. , Dickey, B. , Liptzin, B. & Sederer, L.I. (1987) Bringing psychiatric patients into the medicare prospective payment system: alternatives to DRGs. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 610-615.

32.

Murphy, E. (1991) After the Asylums: Community Care for People with Mental Illness. London: Faber & Faber.

33.

National Institute Of Mental Health (1987) Toward a Model Plan for a Comprehensive Community Based Mental Health System .

34.

Oyebode, F. , Cumella, S. , Garden, G. & Binyon, S. (1990) Diagnosis related groups: implications for psychiatry . Psychiatric Bulletin, 14, 1-3.

35.

Russell, L.B. & Manning, C.L. (1989) The effect of prospective payment on medicare expenditures . The New England Journal of Medicine, 320, 439-444.

36.

Schumacher, D.N. , Namerow, M.J. , PARKER, B., FOX, P. & KOFIE, V. (1986) Prospective payment for psychiatry - feasibility and impact. The New England Journal of Medicine, 315, 1331-1336.

37.

Schuster, J. (1991) Ensuring highest-quality care for the cost: coping strategies for mental health providers. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 42, 774-776.

38.

Secretaries Of State for Health, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland (1989) Working for Patients. London: HMSO.

39.

Secretary Of State For Health Medical Audit ( 1990) Caring for People. Community Care in the Next Decade and Beyond. London: HMSO.

40.

Sharfstein, S.S. & Beigel, A. (1984) Less is more? Today's economics and its challenge to psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 1403-1408.

41.

Strathdee, G. & Thornicroft, G. (1992) Community sectors for needs-led mental health services. In Measuring Mental Health Needs (eds. G. Thornicroft, C. Brewin & J. Wing). London: Gaskell.

42.

Taube, C. , Lee, E.S. & Forthofer, R.N. (1984) DRGs in psychiatry: an empirical evaluation. Medical Care, 22, 597-610.

43.

Taube, C.A. , Lave, J.R. , Rupp, A. , Goldman, H.H. & Frank, R.G. (1988a) Psychiatry under prospective payment: experience in the first year. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 210-213.

44.

Taube, C.A. , Goldman, H.H. & Lee, E.S. (1988b) Use of speciality psychiatric settings in constructing DRGs. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 1037-1040.

45.

Thornicroft, G. (1993) Case management for the long-term mentally ill . In Principles of Social Psychiatry (eds. D. Bhugra & J. Leff). London: Blackwell Publications .

46.

Thornicroft, G. (1994) The NHS and Community Care Act 1990. Psychiatric Bulletin, 18, 13-17.

47.

Thornicroft, G. & Bebbington, P. (1989) Deinstitutionalisation - from hospital closure to service development. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 739-753.

48.

Wood, W.D. & Beardmore, D.F. (1986) Prospective payment for outpatient mental health services: evaluation of diagnosis-related groups . Community Mental Health Journal, 22, 286-291.