The present study compared concentration camp survivors and controls from the same ethnic and religious background on two variables: guilt feelings in everyday life and locus of control. No significant differences were found between survivors and controls. As for sex differences, it was found that women expressed significantly more guilt than men in "behaviors contrary to moral or ethical principles" and men were significantly more internal than women. The implications of these findings were discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Barocas, H.A.Children of Purgatory: Reflections on the Concentration Camp Survivors Syndrome . International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 1975, 21, 87-92.
2.
Bem, S.L.The Measurement of Psycho-Androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1974, 47, 155-162.
3.
Bettelheim, B.The Informed Heart. Illinois: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1962.
4.
Chodoff, P.Late effects of the Concentration Camp Syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry,1963, 8, 323-333.
5.
Des Pres, T.The Survivor. Oxford University Press. New York, 1976.
6.
Dor-Shav, N.K.On the long-range effects of concentration camp internment of Nazi Victims: 25 years later. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 1978, 46, 1-11.
7.
Eitinger, L.Pathology of the Concentration Camp Syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry,1961, 5, 371-379.
8.
Eisenman, R.Experience in experiments and change in internal-external control scores. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1972, 39, 434-435.
9.
Evans, D.R., Jessup, B.A., & Hearn, M.T.Development of a reaction inventory to measure guilt. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1975, 39, 421-423.
10.
Frankl, V.Man's Search for Meaning. Washington Square Press , New York, 1963.
11.
Hochreich, D.Sex role stereotyping for internal-external control and interpersonal trust . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1975, 43, 273.
12.
Jaffee, R.The sense of guilt within Holocaust survivors. Jewish Social Studies, 1970, 32, 307-314.
13.
Kagan, J. Acquistion & Significance ofSex Typing and Sex Role Identity. In: M.L. Hoffman & L.W. Hoffman, Review of Child Development Research, (Eds.) , Russel Sage Foundation, New York : 1964.
14.
Krystal, H. (Ed.), Massive Psychic Trauma , International Universities Press, New York, 1968.
15.
Leon, G.R., Butcher, J.N., Kleinman, M., Goldberg, A., & Almagor, M.Survivors of the Holocause and their children: Current status and adjustment . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 1981, 41, 503-516.
16.
Levenson, H. Activism and powerful others : Distinction within the concept of internal-external control. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1974, 38, 377-383.
17.
McGinnies, E., Nordholm, L.A., Ward, C.D., & Bhanitramapvin, D.L.Sex and cultural differences in perceived locus of control among students in five countries. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1974, 42, 451-455.
18.
Meerloo, J.A.M.Neurologism and denial of psychic trauma in extermination camp survivors . American Journal of Psychiatry, 1963, 120, 65-66.
19.
Mosher, D.L.Sex guilt and sex myths in college men and women. The Journal of Sex Research, 1979, 15, 224-234.
20.
Rotter, J.B.Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of Reinforcement . Psychological Monographs, 1966, 80 (1).
21.
Slane, S., & Morrow, L.Race differences in feminism and guilt. Psychological Reports , 1981, 49, 45-46.
22.
Smith, R.E.Changes in locus of control as a function of life crisis resolution . Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1970, 75, 328-332.
23.
Spence, J., Helmreich, R., & Strapp, J.Ratings of self and peers on sex role attributes and their relation to self esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 1975, 32, 29-39.
