Marihuana and Other Illegal Drugs

For an excellent discussion of the power of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics and its implications see, Becker , S. , Outsiders, New York; Free Press 1963, pp. 121-163: Lindesmith, R. , The Addict and the Law, Bloomington, Indiana Indiana University Press, 1968, pp. 243-168.

For a historical and thorough review about the assumptions that marihuana leads to crime see Kaplan, J. Marijuana the New Prohibition, New York: The World Publishing Company 1970, pp. 88-140. For discussions of the stepping stone theory see: Fort, J. The Pleasure Seekers, New York, Grove Press, 1969 pp. 99-102; Lindesmith, A.R. , "The Marijuana Problem: Myth or Reality, pp. 48-65 in Solomon, D. , (ed.) The Marijuana Papers, New York; Signet, 1966.

Anslinger, H.J. and Tompkins , The Traffic in Narcotics, New York; Funk and Wagnalls Co., 1953, p. 21.

Bureau of Narcotics , "Living Death" p. 66, in Goode E. , (ed.) Marijuana, New York: Atherton Press 1969.

Allentuck, S. and Bowman, R.M. , "The Psychiatric Aspects of Marihuana Addiction ," Am. J. of Psychiatry, Vol. 99 Sept. 1952, pp. 248-251.

Mayor La Guardia's Committee on Marihuana , " The Marihuana Problem in the City of New York," p. 296, in Solomon D. (ed.) op. cit

For figures on both of these points see: Black, S. et. al., "Patterns of Drug Use: A Study of 5,482 subjects," The A. J. of Psychiatry Vol. 127 No. 4, October 1970 pp. 420-423; Blum, R. and Associates, Students and Drugs , San Francisco, California; Jossey-Bass, Inc. 1969, p. 142; Eels, K. "Marijuana and LSD: A Survey of One College Campus," J. of Counselling Psychology, Vol. 15, No. 5, 1968 p. 462; Mizner, G.L. et. al., "Patterns of Drug Use Among College Students: A Preliminary Report," " The Am. J. of Psychiatry," Vol. 127, No. 1, July 1970, p. 16; Pearlman, S. , "The College Drug Scene," Paper presented in the Symposium ; Students and Drugs, 55th Annual Convention of the American Educational Research Association, N.Y. City, February 7, 1971, p. 8.

Ball, J.C. , Chambers, C.D. ; "Marijuana Smoking as a Precursor of Opiate Addiction in the United States", pp. 69-84 in Goode, E. (ed.) Marijuana New York, Atherton Press , 1969.

Brill L. and Lieberman L. Authority and Addiction, Boston, Mass; Little Brown & Co. 1969, p. 207; Duster , T. , The Legislation of Morality, New York, N.Y. ; The Free Press, 1970, p. 52.

Beweley, T.H. , "Recent Changes in the Patterns of Drug Abuse in London and United Kingdom," pp. 197-220 in Wilson, C. W. M. (ed.) Adolescent Drug Dependence, London, Pergamon Press, 1968; "Features of Adolescent Drug Dependence-A Compendinm", p. 253, in Wilson, C. W. M. (ed.) op. cit

For an authoritative discussion on this issue see Eddy, N.B. et. al. "Drug Dependence Its Significance and Characteristics," Bulletin World Health Organisation, Vol. 32 1965, pp. 721-733. Very recent reports based on animals provide some challenge to the motion that no tolerance is created by marihuana. It may very well be that our argument may have to be revised with accumulated knowledge. See "Marijuana," Medical World News, Vol. 12, No. 27. July, 197?, pp. 37-43.

Ausubel, D. , "The Psychopathology and Treatment of Drug Addiction in Relation to Mental Hygiene Movement," Psychiatric Quarterly Supplement , Vol. 22, No. 2., 1948, pp. 219-250; Kleber, H.D. , "Narcotic Addiction: The Current Problem and Treatment Approaches," Connecticut Medicine, Vol. 33 Feb. 1969, pp. 113-116;

Wall E.L.G. 'Contemporary Classification, Pharmacology and Abuse Potential of Psychotropic Substances, p. 27, in Wittenborn, J. R. et. al. (eds.) Drugs and Youth, New York, N.Y. : Charles C. Thomas, 1969.

Annual Conference of the International Narcotics Enforcement Officers Association, Non Narcotics Drug Abuse, Smith Kline and French Laboratories, 1964, p. 10.

Chein et. al. report that while 83 of the 96 addicts studied used marihuana only 40 of them used marihuana with regularity prior to their addiction. They also report that hte street gang group included in their study, had many heroin users who have not used marihuana. See Chein , et. al. The Road to H., New York, New York: Basic Books, Inc. 1964, p. 149.

Connell, P.H. , Clinical Aspects of Drug Addiction", J. of Royal College of Physicians, Vol. 4, 1970, pp. 254-263.

Reinhold, R. , "Teen-Age Use of Heroin Rising But Data are Few," The New York Times, Monday, Feb. 16, 1970 p. 32.

Goode, E. , "Multiple Drug Use Among Marihuana Smokers," J. of Social Problems, Vol. 17, 1969, p. 59; Sher, J. Patterns and Profiles of Addiction and Drug Abuse," Archives of General Psychiatry , vol. 115, 1966, p. 547.

Eels, K. , Op. Cit. pp. 463-64; Goode, E. The Marijuana Smokers, New York, N.Y.; Basic Books, Inc. 1970, p. 185; Haagen H. "Social and Psychological Characteristics Associated with the Use of Marijuana by College Men," Jan. 1970, (unpublished); King, F. W. "Marijuana and L.S.D. Usage Among Male College Students: Prevalence, Rate, Frequency and Self Estimates of Future Use," Psychiatry, Vol. 32 1969, p. 269; Steffenhagen, R.A. et. al., "Some Social Factors in College Drug Use, " International Journal of Social Psychiatry, Vol. 15, 1969, pp. 97-101.

These categories are based on an index of marihuana use constructed from answers to three separate questions. A detailed discussion of this index is contained in : Tec. N. , "Drugs Among Suburban Teenagers: Basic Findings ," Social Science and Medicne, Vol. 5, 1971 pp. 77-84.

Goode, E. The Marjuana Smokers, op. cit. pp. 185-190.

Winick, Ch. "Physician Narcotic Addicts,' pp. 261-279 in Becker H. S. (ed.) The Other Side, New York, New York; The Free Press, 1967.

Schur, E.M. , Narcotic Addiction in Britain and America, Bloomington , Indian, University Press, 1968 , pp. 144-146.

The following constitutes only a small sample of studies which demonstrate this association: Blum R. and Associates op. cit p. 142; Haagen , op. cit, p. 4

; " Most Campus Drug Users Found on Marijuana " Medical Tribune , July 7th, 1969, p. 20; Roffman, R.A. Sapol, E. "Marijuana in Vietnam; A Survey of Use Among Army Enlisted Men in Two Southern Corps," The International J. of the Addictions, Vol. 5, No. 1, March 1970, pp. 1-42.