Cordiner, Rev. J.: A Description of Ceylon, Containing an Account of the Country, Inhabitants and Natural Productions: with Narratives of a Tour Round the Island in 1800: the Campaign in Candy in 1803 : and a Journey to Ramisserow in 1804. 2 vols. London: Longman, Hust, Rees, Orme and Brown, 1807; Pieris, R.: "Society and ideology in Ceylon during a time of troubles." Univ. Ceylon Rev., 9, 1951, pp. 171-185; and Pieris , R.: "Character formation in the evolution of the acquisitive society." Psychiatry, 15, 1952, pp. 53-60.
2.
Cordiner, Rev. J., op. cit., and Smyth, P.R.: A Ceylon Commentary. London : Williams & Norgate, 1932.
3.
Ryan, Bryce (in collaboration with Jayasena, L.D. and Wickremesighe , D.C.R.): Sinhalese Village . Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami Press, 1958.
4.
Straus, M.A. : "Childhood experience and emotional security in the context of Sinhalese social organization," Soc. Forces , 33, 1954, pp. 152-160; and Ryan, B., and Straus, M.A.: "The integration of Sinhalese society," Research Studies of the State College of Washington, 22, 1953, pp. 179-227. (Reprint available on request).
5.
Green, T.L.: "The cultural determination of personality in Ceylon," School and Society, 75, 1952, pp. 164-166; and Murray, A., and Straus, Jacqueline H.: "Personal insecurity and Sinhalese social structure: Rorschach evidence for primary school children," Eastern Anthropologist, 10, 1957 , pp. 97-111.
6.
Embree, J.F. : "Thailand, a loosely structured social system ." American Anthropologist, 52, 1950, pp. 181-93.
7.
See Ryan and Straus, op. cit., for evidence and further elaboration of the loose structure concept.
8.
Straus, M.A. : "Childhood experience and emotional security in the context of Sinhalese social organization," Social Forces , 33, 1954, pp. 152-160; and (with Jacqueline H. Straus): "Personal insecurity and Sinhalese social structure: Rorschach evidence for primary school children," Eastern Anthropologist, 10, 1957, 97-111.
9.
Ryan and Straus, op. cit. pp. 222-223; Ryan, B.F.: Caste in Modern Ceylon : The Sinhalese System in Transition, chap. 12 and 13, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers Press, 1953; and Straus, M.A.: "Urbanization of child training in Ceylon," paper now being revised for publication.
10.
Klineberg, O. : Tensions Affecting International Understanding—A Survey of Research. New York: Social Science Research Council Bulletin62, 1950, pp. 77-84.
11.
The MMPI was chosen as one of the main personality measures for this research because it was at the time the most comprehensive of the generally available inventory type tests, and one for which extensive normative data (including university student) was available.
12.
However, only the merest beginning may be made towards an understanding of Sinhalese society by inference from the Indian base. See Ryan, B.F., and Straus, M.A.: "The integration of Sinhalese society." Research Studies of the State College of Washington, 22, 1954, pp. 179-227.
13.
As judged from the writer's teaching experience at this university and as measured by scores on the California Test of Mental Maturity. On the California Test, despite the handicap of culturally biased test items this population obtained a median centile score just above the average for American University entrants and greatly exceeded the American university entrants average on the "language factors" sections. See Straus, M.A.: "Mental ability and cultural needs: a psycho-cultural interpretation of the intelligence test performance of Ceylon University entrance," American Sociological Review, 16, 1951, pp. 371-375; and " Sub-cultural variation in Ceylonese mental ability: a study in national character ," Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 1954, pp. 192-241.
14.
It will be recognized that there is an unavoidable overlap of these items with socio-economic status. Perhaps better items could have been selected (such as number of contacts with Europeans) but these would also be correlated with socio-economic status.
15.
Green, Bert F.: "A method of Scaleogram Analysis using summary statistics." Psychometrika, 21, 1956, pp. 79-88.
16.
The scale was subsequently scored for the other ethnic groups represented in the University. Coefficients of reproducability of .91 were also obtained for these groups. Further details on the development and characteristics of this scale are presented in a Project Working Paper: "A Scale for the Measurement of Westernization," available on request.
17.
This technique is essentially that which the author has described as "empirical item selection." See Straus, M.A.: "Measuring families," in H.T. Christensen, ed., Handbook of Marriage and the Family. Chicago : Rand McNally, 1964, chap. 10.
18.
See Sakoda, J.M., Cohen, B.H., and Beall, G.: "Tests of significance for a series of statistical tests." Psychological Bulletin, 51, 1954, pp. 172-175.
19.
Not being a clinician, I was at loss to know the basis on which they perceived the "overt aggression" element. Their reasoning will become clear when Factor III is discussed.
20.
See Kluckhohn, Florence: "Dominant and substitute profiles of cultural orientations," Social Forces, 4, 1950, pp. 376-393; Rosen, B.C.: "The achievement syndrome: a psychocultural dimension of social stratification," American Sociological Review, 21, 1956, pp. 203-211; and Stredtbeck, F.L.: "Family interaction, values, and achievement," in D. C. McClelland, et al (eds.), Talent and Society, New York: Van Nostrand , 1958, pp. 135-194.
21.
Taylor, Janet A.: "A personality scale of manifest anxiety ." Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 48, 1953, pp. 285-290.
22.
There is Rorschach evidence that among village children such a burnt child pattern tends to be modal. See Straus , M.A., and Straus, Jacqueline H.: " Personal insecurity and Sinhalese social structure: Rorschach evidence for primary school children." Eastern Anthropologist, 10, 1957, pp. 97-111.
