Burnout syndrome (BS) has a negative impact among health professionals.
Aims:
Our research objective is to quantify the level of burnout in health workers of the Spanish National Health System during the COVID-19 pandemic using and comparing two independent measurement instruments.
Methods:
Cross-sectional, descriptive and multicenter study conducted through an anonymous online survey among health workers of the National Health System, measuring the level of burnout using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI).
Results:
A total of 448 questionnaires were analyzed, the mean age of the participants was 43.53 years (range: 20–64), 365 (81.5%) women. 161 (35.9%) participants presented BS measured with the MBI and 304 (67.9%) measured with the CBI. Regarding work contract, those who had greater job stability presented a higher degree of cynicism with respect to the eventual ones (p = .010), the eventual ones presenting higher mean scores in professional efficacy (p = .034). Urban workers had higher scores of exhaustion (p < .001) and cynicism (p < .001) than those living in rural areas. When comparing both tests, a high predictive value for exhaustion and cynicism was found to measure BS through the CBI (AUC = 0.92 and 0.84, respectively) and a low AUC with respect to the predictive value for efficacy (AUC = 0, 59).
Conclusions:
The results obtained show a high level of BS among the health workers who participated in our study. Both tests have an excellent correlation in the degree of exhaustion and cynicism, but not in efficacy. The BS measurement must be performed with at least two validated instruments to increase its reliability.
AlmutairiH.AlsubaieiA.AbduljawadS.AlshattiA.Fekih-RomdhaneF.HusniM.JahramiH. (2022). Prevalence of burnout in medical students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 68(6), 1157–1170. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207640221106691
2.
AyindeO. O.AkinnuoyeE. R.MolodynskiA.BattrickO.GurejeO. (2022). A descriptive study of mental health and burnout among Nigerian medical students. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 68(6), 1223–1231. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207640211057706
3.
BaptistaS.TeixeiraA.CastroL.CunhaM.SerrãoC.RodriguesA.DuarteI. (2021). Physician Burnout in primary care during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study in Portugal. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 12, 21501327211008437. https://doi.org/10.1177/21501327211008437
4.
BarelloS.PalamenghiL.GraffignaG. (2020). Burnout and somatic symptoms among frontline healthcare professionals at the peak of the Italian COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113129
5.
BridgemanP. J.BridgemanM. B.BaroneJ. (2018). Burnout syndrome among healthcare professionals. American Journal of Health-system Pharmacy, 75(3), 147–152. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp170460
6.
Cañadas-DelaFuenteG. A.VargasC.San LuisC.GarcíaI.CañadasG. R.De la FuenteE. I. (2015). Risk factors and prevalence of burnout syndrome in the nursing profession. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 52(1), 240–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.07.001
7.
de FrançaF. M.FerrariR.FerrariD. C.AlvesE. D. (2012). Burnout and labour aspects in the nursing teams at two medium-sized hospitals. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 20(5), 961–970. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692012000500019
8.
De HertS. (2020). Burnout in healthcare workers: Prevalence, impact, and preventative strategies. Local and Regional Anesthesia, 13, 171–183. https://doi.org/10.2147/LRA.S240564
9.
Di MonteC.MonacoS.MarianiR.Di TraniM. (2020). From resilience to burnout: Psychological features of Italian general practitioners during COVID-19 emergency. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 567201. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567201
10.
DyrbyeL. N.BurkeS. E.HardemanR. R.HerrinJ.WittlinN. M.YeazelM.DovidioJ. F.CunninghamB.WhiteR. O.PhelanS. M.SateleD. V.ShanafeltT. D.van RynM. (2018). Association of clinical specialty with symptoms of burnout and career choice regret among US resident physicians. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 320(11), 1114–1130. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.12615
11.
Edú-ValsaniaS.LaguíaA.MorianoJ. A. (2022). Burnout: A review of theory and measurement. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1780. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031780
12.
ElbaraziI.LoneyT.YousefS.EliasA. (2017). Prevalence of and factors associated with burnout among health care professionals in Arab countries: A systematic review. BMC Health Services Research, 17(1), 491. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2319-8
13.
EvansJ. R.MathurA. (2005). The value of online surveys. Internet Research, 15(2), 195–219.
14.
FadareO. O.AndreskiM.WitryM. J. (2021). Validation of the Copenhagen burnout inventory in pharmacists. Innovations in pharmacy, 12(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.24926/iip.v12i2.3699
15.
FaivreG.MarillierG.NalletJ.NezelofS.ClmentI.ObertL. (2019). Are French orthopedic and trauma surgeons affected by burnout? Results of a nationwide survey. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research, 105(2), 395–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2018.12.009
16.
FajardoF. J.MesaI. C.RamírezA. A.QuezadaF. C. R. (2021). Professional Burnout syndrome in health professionals. Archivos Venezolanos de Farmacología y Terapéutica, 40(3), 248–255.
17.
FreudenbergerH. J. (1982). Counseling and dynamics: Treating the end-stage person. The burnout syndrome.
18.
GalamE.KomlyV.Le TourneurA.JundJ. (2013). Burnout among French GPs in training: A cross-sectional study. The British journal of general practice, 63(608), e217–e224. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp13X664270
19.
Garrido-HermosillaA. M.Soto-SierraM.Díaz-RuizM. C.Gutiérrez-SánchezE.Rodríguez-de-la-Rúa FranchE. (2021). Syndrome of professional wear and tear or «burnout» in Andalusian ophthalmology. Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia, 96(2), 63–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oftal.2020.08.002
20.
Giménez-EspertM. D. C.Prado-GascóV.Soto-RubioA. (2020). Psychosocial Risks, work engagement, and job satisfaction of nurses during COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 566896. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.566896
21.
KackinO.CiydemE.AciO. S.KutluF. Y. (2021). Experiences and psychosocial problems of nurses caring for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Turkey: A qualitative study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67(2), 158–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020942788
KristensenT. S.BorritzM.VilladsenE.ChristensenK. B. (2005). The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: A new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work & stress, 19(3), 192–207.
24.
LowZ. X.YeoK. A.SharmaV. K.LeungG. K.McIntyreR. S.GuerreroA.LuB.Sin Fai LamC. C.TranB. X.NguyenL. H.HoC. S.TamW. W.HoR. C. (2019). Prevalence of burnout in medical and surgical residents: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(9), 1479. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091479
25.
MaslachC.JacksonS. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99–113.
26.
MaslachC.JacksonS. E.LeiterM. P. (1997). Maslach burnout inventory. Scarecrow Education.
MolineroE.BasartH.MoncadaS. (2013). Fiabilidad y validez del Copenhagen Burnout Inventory para su uso en España. Revista Española de Salud Pública, 87(2), 165–179.
29.
Molinero RuizE.Basart Gómez-QuinteroH.Moncada LluisS. (2013). Validation of the copenhagen burnout inventory to assess professional burnout in Spain. Revista Espanola de Salud Publica, 87(2), 165–179. https://doi.org/10.4321/S1135-57272013000200006
30.
MontgomeryA. P.AzueroA.PatricianP. A. (2021). Psychometric properties of copenhagen burnout inventory among nurses. Research in Nursing & Health, 44(2), 308–318. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.22114
31.
PapaefstathiouE.TsounisA.MalliarouM.SarafisP. (2019). Translation and validation of the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory amongst Greek doctors. Health Psychology Research, 7(1), 7678. https://doi.org/10.4081/hpr.2019.7678
32.
ParolaV.CoelhoA.CardosoD.SandgrenA.ApóstoloJ. (2017). Prevalence of burnout in health professionals working in palliative care: A systematic review. The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, 15(7), 1905–1933. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003309
33.
PatelS. K.KelmM. J.BushP. W.LeeH. J.BallA. M. (2021). Prevalence and risk factors of burnout in community pharmacists. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA, 61(2), 145–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2020.09.022
34.
RamírezM. R.OteroP.BlancoV.OntanedaM. P.DíazO.VázquezF. L. (2018). Prevalence and correlates of burnout in health professionals in Ecuador. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 82, 73–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.11.011
35.
RaudenskáJ.SteinerováV.JavůrkováA.UritsI.KayeA. D.ViswanathO.VarrassiG. (2020). Occupational burnout syndrome and post-traumatic stress among healthcare professionals during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology, 34(3), 553–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpa.2020.07.008
36.
RotensteinL. S.TorreM.RamosM. A.RosalesR. C.GuilleC.SenS.MataD. A. (2018). Prevalence of burnout among physicians: A systematic review. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 320(11), 1131–1150. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.12777
37.
SalanovaM.SchaufeliW. B.LlorensS.SillaP.GrauR. M. (2000). From burnout to engagement: A new perspective?Journal of work and organizational psychology, 16(2), 117–134.
38.
SánchezE.García-álvarezJ. Á.García-MarínE.Gutierrez-SerranoM.AlférezM. J. M.Ramirez-VargasG. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Nurses and auxiliary nursing care technicians-A voluntary online survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8310. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168310
39.
SanfilippoF.NotoA.ForestaG.SantonocitoC.PalumboG. J.ArcadipaneA.MaybauerD. M.MaybauerM. O. (2017). Incidence and factors associated with burnout in Anesthesiology: A systematic review. BioMed Research International, 2017, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8648925
40.
ShanafeltT. D.BooneS.TanL.DyrbyeL. N.SotileW.SateleD.WestC. P.SloanJ.OreskovichM. R. (2012). Burnout and satisfaction with work-life balance among US physicians relative to the general US population. Archive of Internal Medicine, 172(18), 1377–1385. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3199
41.
StocchettiN.SegreG.ZanierE. R.ZanettiM.CampiR.ScarpelliniF.ClavennaA.BonatiM. (2021). Burnout in intensive care unit workers during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: A single center cross-sectional Italian study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 6102. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116102
42.
Vindrola-PadrosC.AndrewsL.DowrickA.DjellouliN.FillmoreH.Bautista GonzalezE.JavadiD.Lewis-JacksonS.ManbyL.MitchinsonL.Mulcahy SymmonsS.MartinS.RegenoldN.RobinsonH.SumrayK.SingletonG.SyversenA.VanderslottS.JohnsonG. (2020). Perceptions and experiences of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. BMJ Open, 10(11), e040503. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040503
43.
WestC. P.DyrbyeL. N.SinskyC.TrockelM.TuttyM.NedelecL.CarlasareL. E.ShanafeltT. D. (2020). Resilience and burnout among physicians and the general US working population. JAMA network open, 3(7), e209385. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9385
44.
YoussefD.Abou-AbbasL.YoussefJ. (2022). Feeling the burn in the era of COVID-19: Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Arabic version of the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory among community pharmacists. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 15(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-022-00419-x
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
