Since the Second World War, there has been a steadily increasing awareness of a global society, and of national interdependencies in this society. The catastrophes of the war (and earlier Depression) and the extraordinary violations of human rights and welfare are involved. So are rapid decolonization, and political and economic interdependencies. Consciousness of a global society, however, has led to nothing like a world state, so all the much-perceived interdependencies lead to global movements to control the national and social actors that are understood to carry the burden of social control. Thus world culture has created wave after wave of somewhat standardized national policies, committing countries to the pursuit of collective progress and individual welfare and equality, and to international cooperation. The political logic here is one of natural law, not positive law, since there is no world state. Extraordinary expansions of world political society result — an explosion in the use of science, and various principles of standardized social rationality, and dramatic emphases on individual rights, welfare, and empowerment.
Baker, D. and LeTendre, G. (2005) National Differences, Global Similarities: World Culture and the Future of Schooling. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press .
2.
Barrett, D. and Frank, D. (1999) `Population Control for National Development: From World Discourse to National Policies', in J. Boli and G.M. Thomas (eds) Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations Since 1875, pp. 198—221. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press .
3.
Barrett, D. and Kurzman, C. (2004) ` Globalizing Social Movement Theory: The Case of Eugenics' , Theory and Society33: 487—527 .
4.
Benavot, A. and Braslavsky, C. (eds) (2006) School Knowledge in Comparative and Historical Perspective. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Center / Springer .
5.
Berkovitch, N. (1999) From Motherhood to Citizenship: International Organizations and Women's Rights. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press .
6.
Boli, J. and Thomas, G. (eds) (1999) Constructing World Culture: International NonGovernmental Organizations Since 1875. Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
7.
Boyle, E. (2002) Female Genital Cutting: Cultural Conflict in the Global Community. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press .
8.
Bradley, K. and Ramirez, F. (1996) ` World Polity and Gender Parity: Women's Share of Higher Education, 1965—1985 ', Research in Sociology of Education and Socialization11: 63—91 .
9.
Cha, Y.-K. (1991) ` Effect of the Global System on Language Instruction, 1850—1986 ', Sociology of Education64(1): 19—32 .
10.
Cole, W. (2005)` Sovereignty Relinquished? Explaining Commitment to the International Human Rights Covenants, 1966—1999 ', American Sociological Review70(3): 472—95 .
11.
de Tocqueville, A. (1969 [1836]) Democracy in America, ed. J.P. Maier , trans. G. Lawrence. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books .
12.
Drori, G. and Moon, H. (2006) `The Changing Nature of Tertiary Education: Neo-Institutional Perspectives on Cross-National Trends in Disciplinary Enrollment, 1965—1985 ', in D. Baker and A. Wiseman (eds) The Impact of Comparative Education Research on Institutional Theory. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science .
13.
Drori, G. , Meyer, J. and Hwang, H. (eds) (2006) Globalization and Organization. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
14.
Drori, G. , Meyer, J. , Ramirez, F. and Schofer, E. (2003) Science in the Modern World Polity: Institutionalization and Globalization. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press .
15.
Frank, D. and Gabler, J. (2006) Reconstructing the University: Worldwide Changes in Academic Emphases Over the 20th Century. Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
16.
Frank, D. and McEneaney, E. (1999) ` The Individualization of Society and the Liberalization of State Policies on Same Sex Sexual Relations' , Social Forces77: 911—44 .
17.
Frank, D. , Hironaka, A. and Schofer, E. (2000a) ` The Nation-State and the Natural Environment over the Twentieth Century ', American Sociological Review65: 96—116 .
18.
Frank, D. , Wong, S.-Y. , Meyer, J. and Ramirez, F. (2000b)` What Counts as History: A Cross-National and Longitudinal Study of University Curricula ', Comparative Education Review44(1): 29—53 .
19.
Hafner-Burton, E. and Tsutsui, K. (2005) ` Human Rights in a Globalizing World: The Paradox of Empty Promises' , American Journal of Sociology110(5): 1373—411 .
20.
Lauren, P. (1998) The Evolution of International Human Rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press .
21.
McEneaney, E. and Meyer, J. (2000) `The Content of the Curriculum: An Institutionalist Perspective', in M. Hallinan (ed.) Handbook of Sociology of Education, pp. 189—211. New York : Plenum .
22.
Meyer, J. (1996) `Otherhood: The Promulgation and Transmission of Ideas in the Modern Organizational Environment', in B. Czarniawska and G. Sevón (eds) Translating Organizational Change, pp. 241—52. Berlin: de Gruyter .
23.
Meyer, J. (2004) ` The Nation-State as Babbitt: Global Models and National Conformity' , Contexts3(3): 42—7 .
24.
Meyer, J. and Ramirez, F. (2000) `The World Institutionalization of Education', in J. Schriewer (ed.) Discourse Formation in Comparative Education, pp. 111—32. Frankfurt : Peter Lang .
25.
Meyer, J. and Schofer, E. (2005) ` Universität in der globalen Gesellschaft: Die Expansion des 20 . Jahrhunderts', Die Hochschule2: 81—98 .
26.
Meyer, J. , Boli, J. , Thomas, G. and Ramirez, F. (1997a) ` World Society and the Nation-State ', American Journal of Sociology103(1): 144—81 .
27.
Meyer, J. , Frank, D. , Hironaka, A. , Schofer, E. and Tuma, N. (1997b) ` The Structuring of a World Environmental Regime, 1870—1990 ', International Organization51(4): 623—51 .
28.
Meyer, J. , Kamens, D. , Benavot, A. , Cha, Y.-K. and Wong, S.-Y. (1992a) School Knowledge for the Masses: World Models and National Curricular Categories in the Twentieth Century. London: Falmer .
29.
Meyer, J. , Ramirez, F. and Soysal, Y.N. (1992b) ` World Expansion of Mass Education, 1870—1980 ', Sociology of Education65: 128—49 .
30.
Ramirez, F. and Wotipka, C.M. (2001) ` Slowly but Surely? The Global Expansion of Women's Participation in Science and Engineering Fields of Study, 1972—92 ', Sociology of Education74(3): 231—51 .
31.
Rosenmund, M. (2006) `The Current Discourse an Curriculum Change', in A. Benavot and C. Braslavsky (eds) School Knowledge in Comparative and Historical Peropective, pp. 173—94. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Center / Springer .
32.
Schissler, H. and Soysal, Y.N. (eds) (2005) The Nation, Europe, and the World: Textbooks and Curricula in Transition. New York : Berghahn Books .
33.
Schofer, E. and Meyer, J. (2005) ` The World-Wide Expansion of Higher Education in the Twentieth Century' , American Sociological Review70: 898—920 .
34.
Tsutsui, K. and Wotipka, C.M. (2004) ` Global Civil Society and the International Human Rights Movement: Citizen Participation in Human Rights International Nongovernmental Organizations ', Social Forces83(2): 587—620 .
35.
Wallerstein, I. (1974) The Modern World-System. New York: Academic Press .
36.
Wong, S.-Y. (1991) ` The Evolution of Social Science Instruction, 1900—86 ', Sociology of Education64(1): 33—47 .
