FurchgottRF, ZawadzkiJV. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature1980;288(5789):373–376.
2.
IgnarroLJ, BugaGM, WoodKS, ByrnsRE, ChaudhuriG.Endo-thelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1987;84(24):9265–9269.
3.
PalmerRM, FerrigeAG, MoncadaS.Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature1987;327(6122):524–526.
4.
GustafssonLE, LeoneAM, PerssonMG, WiklundNP, MoncadaS.Endogenous nitric oxide is present in the exhaled air of rabbits, guinea pigs and humans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun1991;181(2):852–857.
5.
AlvingK, WeitzbergE, LundbergJM. Increased amount of nitric oxide in exhaled air of asthmatics. Eur Respir J1993;6(9):1368–1370.
6.
GerlachH, RossaintR, PappertD, KnorrM.FalkeKJ. Autoinhala-tion of nitric oxide after endogenous synthesis in nasopharynx. Lancet1994;343(8896):518–519.
7.
SchedinU, FrostellC, PerssonMG, JakobssonJ, AnderssonG, GustafssonLE. Contribution from upper and lower airways to exhaled endogenous nitric oxide in humans. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand1995;39(3):327–332.
8.
KobzikL, BredtDS, LowensteinCJ, DrazenJ, GastonB, Sugar-bakerD, StamlerJS. Nitric oxide synthase in human and rat lung: immunocytochemical and histochemical localization. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol1993;9(4):371–377.
9.
LundbergJON, Farkas-SzallasiT, WeitzbergE, RinderJ, LidholmJ, ÄnggårdA.HökfeltT.LundbergJM, AlvingK.High nitric oxide production in human paranasal sinuses. Nature Med1995;1(4):370–373.
10.
LundbergJON, WeitzbergE, NordvallSL, KuylenstiernaR, Lund-bergJM, AlvingK.Primarily nasal origin of exhaled nitric oxide and absence in Kartagener's syndrome. Eur Respir J1994;7(8):1501–1504.
11.
KimYD, KwonOC, SongSY, SuhJS, SongKW, KwonSH, MinYG. Distribution of nitric oxide in the nasal mucosa of the rat: a histochemical study. Auris Nasus Larynx1997;24(4):373–378.
12.
PendinoKJ, LaskinJD, ShulerRL, PunjabiCJ, LaskinDL. En-hanced production of nitric oxide by rat alveolar macrophages after inhalation of a pulmonary irritant is associated with increased ex-pression of nitric oxide synthase. J Immunol1993;151(12):7196–7205.
13.
MartinU, BrydenK, DevoyM, HowarthP.Increased levels of exhaled nitric oxide during nasal and oral breathing in subjects with seasonal rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol1996;97(3):768–772.
14.
CroenKD. Evidence for an antiviral effect of nitric oxide: inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 replication. J Clin Invest1993;91(6):2446–2452.
15.
von EulerUS, LiljestrandG.Observations on the pulmonary arterial blood pressure in the cat. Acta Physiol Scand1946;12:301–320.
16.
RossaintR, FalkeKJ, LopezF, SlamaK, PisonU, ZapolWM. Inhaled nitric oxide for adult respiratory distress syndrome. New Engl J Med1993;328(6):399–405.
17.
DweikRA, LaskowskiD.Abu-SoudHM, KanekoF, HutteR, StuehrDJ, ErzurumSC. Nitric oxide synthesis in the lung: regulation by oxygen through a kinetic mechanism. J Clin Invest1998;101(3):660–666.
18.
GerlachH, PappertD, LewandowskiK, RossaintR, FalkeKJ. Long-term inhalation with evaluated low doses of nitric oxide for selective improvement of oxygenation in patients with adult respiratory dis-tress syndrome. Intensive Care Med1993;19(8):443–449.
19.
LundbergJON, SettergrenG, GelinderS, LundbergJM, AlvingK, WeitzbergE.Inhalation of nasally derived nitric oxide modulates pulmonary function in humans. Acta Physiol Scand1996;158(4):343–347.
20.
LewandowskiK, BuschT, LewandowskiM, KeskeU, GerlachH, FalkeKJ. Evidence of nitric oxide in the exhaled gas of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Respir Physiol1996;106(1):91–98.
21.
SchedinU, RökenBO, NymanG, FrostellC, GustafssonLE. En-dogenous nitric oxide in the airways of different animal species. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand1997;41(9):1133–1141.
22.
LewandowskiK, BuschT, LohbrunnerH, RensingS, KeskeU, GerlachH, FalkeKJ. Low nitric oxide concentrations in exhaled gas and nasal airways of mammals without paranasal sinuses. J Appl Physiol1998;85(2):405–410.
23.
StanekKS, RobertsJD, ZapolWM, FalkeKJ, LigginsGC, LigginsJ.Thoracic circumference and nitric oxide activity in the free diving Weddell seal. Antare J1995;29:172–174.
24.
LeoneAM, GustafssonLE, FrancisPL, PerssonMG, WiklundNP, MoncadaS.Nitric oxide is present in exhaled breath in humans: direct GC-MS confirmation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun1994;201(2):883–887.
25.
ShibukiK.An electrochemical microprobe for detecting nitric oxide release in brain tissue. Neurosci Res (NY)1990;9(1):69–76.
26.
MalinskiT, TahaZ.Nitric oxide release from a single cell measured in situ by a porphyrinic-based microsensor. Nature1992;358(6388):676–678.
27.
VallanceP, PattonS, BhagatK, MacAllisterR, RadomskiM, MoncadaS, MalinskiT.Direct measurement of nitric oxide in human beings. Lancet1995;346(8968):153–154.
28.
PurtzEP, HessD, KacmarekRM. Evaluation of electrochemical nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide analyzers suitable for use during mechanical ventilation. J Clin Monit1997;13(1):25–34.
29.
PronaiL, IchimoriK, NozakiH, NakazawaH, OkinoH, CarmichaelAJ, ArroyoCM. Investigation of the existence and biological role of L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway in human platelets by spin-trapping/ EPR studies. Eur J Biochem1991;202(3):923–930.
30.
PaiTG, PayneWJ, LeGallJ.Use of a chemiluminescence detector for quantitation of nitric oxide produced in assays of denitrifying enzymes. Anal Biochem1987;166(1):150–157.
31.
ArcherS.Measurement of nitric oxide in biological models (review). FASEB J1993;7(2):349–360.
32.
PerssonMG, WiklundNP, GustafssonLE. Endogenous nitric oxide in single exhalations and the change during exercise. Am Rev Respir Dis1993;148(5):1210–1214.
33.
PerssonMG, ZetterströmO, AgreniusV, IhreE, GustafssonLE. Single-breath nitric oxide measurements in asthmatic patients and smokers. Lancet1994;343(8890):146–147.
34.
BuschT, KuhlenR, KnorrM, KellyK, LewandowskiK, RossaintR, et al. Nasal, pulmonary, and autoinhaled nitric oxide at rest and during moderate exercise. Intensive Care Med (1999, in press).
35.
KharitonovSA, BarnesPJ. Nasal contribution to exhaled nitric oxide during exhalation against resistance or during breath holding. Thorax1997;52(6):540–544.
36.
TherminariasA, FloreP, Favre-JuvinA, OddouMF, DelaireM, GrimbertF.Air contamination with nitric oxide: effect on exhaled nitric oxide response. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1998;157(3 Pt 1):791–795.
37.
SatoK, SakamakiT, SuminoH, SakamotoH, HoshinoJ, MasudaH, et al. Rate of nitric oxide release in the lung and factors influencing the concentration of exhaled nitric oxide. Am J Physiol1996;270(6 Pt 1):L914–L920.
38.
TsujinoI, MiyamotoK, NishimuraM, ShinanoH, MakitaH, SaitoS, et al. Production of nitric oxide (NO) in intrathoracic airways of normal humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1996;154(5):1370–1374.
39.
SilkoffPE, McCleanPA, SlutskyAS, FurlottHG, HoffsteinE, Wa-kitaS, et al. Marked flow-dependence of exhaled nitric oxide using a new technique to exclude nasal nitric oxide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1997;155(1):260–267.
40.
ZweierJL, WangP, SamouilovA, KuppusamyP.Enzyme-indepen-dent formation of nitric oxide in biological tissues. Nat Med1995;1(8):804–809.
41.
FurfineES, HarmonME, PaithJE, GarveyEP. Selective inhibition of constitutive nitric oxide synthase by L-N-nitroarginine. Biochem-istry1993;32(33):8512–8517.
42.
RinderJ, LundbergJON, ÄnggårdA, AlvingK, LundbergJM. Ef-fects of topical nasal decongestants, L-arginine and nitric oxide syn-thase inhibition, on nasal cavity nitric oxide levels and nasal cavity volume in man. Am J Rhinol1996;10:399–408.
SartoriC, LeporiM, BuschT, BärtschP, NicodP, FalkeKJ, Scher-rerU.Nitric oxide produced by the vascular endothelium does not contribute to exhaled nitric oxide in humans (abstract). Am J Respir Crit Care Med1998;157(4 Pt 2):A229.
45.
FujiiY, GoldbergP, HussainSNA. Contribution of macrophages to pulmonary nitric oxide production in septic shock. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1998;157(5 Pt 1):1645–1651.
46.
BuschT, SwensonER, GrünigE, HildebrandtW, ElserH, PappertD, BärtschP, FalkeKJ. Exhaled nitric oxide during normoxia and prolonged hypoxia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1998;157(4 Pt 2):A228.
47.
FikeCD, KaplowitzMR, ThomasCJ, NelinLD. Chronic hypoxia de-creases nitric oxide production and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in newborn pig lungs. Am J Physiol1998;274(4 Pt 1):L517–L526.
SilkoffPE, CaramoriM, TremblayL, McCleanP, ChaparroC, KestenS, et al. Exhaled nitric oxide in human lung transplantation: a non-invasive marker of acute rejection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1998;157(6 Pt 1):1822–1828.
50.
SakuraiH, KohsakaH, LiuMF, HigashiyamaH, HirataY, KannoK, et al. Nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in inflammatory arthritides. J Clin Invest1995;96(5):2357–2363.
51.
LundbergJON, LundbergJM, AlvingK, WeitzbergE.Nitric oxide and inflammation: the answer is blowing in the wind (review). Na-ture Med1997;3(1):30–31.
52.
DötschJ, DemirakçaS, TerbrackHG, HülsG, RascherW, KühlPG. Airway nitric oxide in asthmatic children and patients with cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J1996;9(12):2537–2540.
53.
HaubitzM, BuschT, GerlachM, SchäferS, BrunkhorstR, FalkeKJ, et al. Exhaled nitric oxide in patients with Wegener's granulomato-sis. Eur Respir J (1999, in press).
54.
BrettSJ, EvansTW. Measurement of endogenous nitric oxide in the lungs of patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1998;157(3 Pt 1):993–997.