Analgesia and Sedation for Ventilated Children and Infants

Vetter TR . Pediatric patient-controlled analgesia with morphine versus meperidine. J Pain Symptom Manage 1992;7(4):204–208.

Anand KJS . Hormonal and metabolic functions of neonates and infants undergoing surgery. Curr Opin Cardiol 1986;1:681–689.

Swafford LI , Allan D. Pain relief in the pediatric patient. Med Clin North Am 1968;52(1):131–136.

Whipple JK , Lewis KS , Quebbeman EJ , Esser MJ , Gottlieb MS , McKindley DS , et al. Current patterns of prescribing and administering morphine in trauma patients. Pharmacotherapy 1995;15(2):210–215.

Beyer JE , DeGood DE , Ashley LC , Russell GA . Patterns of postoperative analgesic use with adults and children following cardiac surgery. Pain 1983;17(1):71–81.

Broome ME , Richtsmeier A , Maikler V , Alexander M. Pediatric pain practices: a national survey of health professionals. J Pain Symptom Manage 1996;11(5):312–320.

Berde CB . Pediatric postoperative pain management (review). Pediatr Clin North Am 1989;36(4):921–940.

Levy DM . The infants earliest memory of inoculation: a contribution to public health procedures. J Genetic Psychol 1960;96:3–46.

Desbliens NA , Wu AW , Broste SK , Wenger NS , Connors AF Jr , Lynn J , et al. Pain and satisfaction with pain control in seriously ill hospitalized adults: findings from the SUPPORT research investigations. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment. Crit Care Med 1996;24(12):1953–1961.

Mazzeo AJ . Sedation for the mechanically ventilated patient (review). Crit Care Clin 1995;11(4):937–955.

Anand KJS . Neurophysiological and neurobiological correlates of supraspinal pain processing: measurement techniques. In: McGrath PJ , Finley GA (eds). Measurement of pain in infants and children, progress in pain research & management 1998a; 10:21–45.

Mendell LM , Wall PD . Responses of dorsal cord cells to peripheral cutaneous unmyelinated fibres. Nature 1965;206:97–99.

Kawakita K , Dostrovsky JO , Tang JS , Chiang CY . Responses of neurons in the rat thalamic nucleus submedius to cutaneous, muscle and visceral nociceptive stimuli. Pain 1993;55(3):327–338.

Cook AJ , Woolf CJ , Wall PD , McMahon SB . Dynamic receptive field plasticity in rat spinal cord dorsal horn following C-primary afferent input. Nature 1987;325(7000):151–153.

Woolf CJ . Evidence for a central component of post-injury pain hypersensitivity. Nature 1983;306(5944):686–688.

Torebjork HE , Lundberg LER , LaMotte RH . Central changes in processing of mechanoreceptive input in capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia in humans. J Physiol (Lond) 1992;448:765–780.

Anand KJS . Relationships between stress responses and clinical outcome in newborns, infants, and children (review). Crit Care Med 1993;21(9 Suppl):S358–S359.

Murry KR , Rhoney DH . A national survey of the use of sedating and neuromuscular blocking agents in the pediatric intensive care unit (abstract). Crit Care Med 1998;26:A43.

Shannon M , Berde CB . Pharmacologic management of pain in children and adolescents (review). Pediatr Clin North Am 1989;36(4):855–871.

Bhatt-Mehta V , Rosen DA . Management of acute pain in children (review). Clin Pharm 1991;10(9):667–685.

Tyler DC . Pharmacology of pain management (review). Pediatr Clin North Am 1994;41(1):59–71.

Kenny GN . Potential renal, haematological and allergic adverse effects associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (review). Drugs 1992;44(Suppl 5):31–36.

Tobias JD , Rasmussen GE . Pain management and sedation in the pediatric intensive care unit (review). Pediatr Clin North Am 1994;41(6):1269–1292.

Gillis JC , Benfield P , Goa KL . Transnasal butorphanol: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in acute pain management (review). Drugs 1995;50(1):157–175.

Dampier CD , Setty BN , Logan J , Ioli JG , Dean R. Intravenous morphine pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease. J Pediatr 1995;126(3):461–467.

Sutters KA , Levine JD , Dibble S , Savedra M , Miaskowski C. An-algesic efficacy and safety of single-dose intramuscular ketorolac for postoperative pain management in children following tonsillectomy. Pain 1995;61(1):145–153.

Houck CS , Wilder RT , McDermott JS , Sethna NF , Berde CB . Safety of intravenous ketorolac therapy in children and cost savings with a unit dosing system. J Pediatr 1996;129(2):292–296.

Williams JT . The painless synergism of aspirin and opium (comment). Nature 1997;390(6660):557.

Vaughan CW , Ingram SL , Connor MA , Christie MJ . How opioids inhibit GABA-mediated neurotransmission. Nature 1997;390(6660):611–614.

Dunbar PJ , Buckley P , Gavrin JR , Sanders JE , Chapman CR . Use of patient-controlled analgesia for pain control for children receiving bone marrow transplant. J Pain Symptom Manage 1995;10(8):604–611.

Mirski MA , Muffelman B , Ulatowski JA , Hanley DF . Sedation for the critically ill neurologic patient (review). Crit Care Med 1995;23(12):2038–2053.

Osborne RJ , Joel SP , Slevin ML . Morphine intoxication in renal failure: the role of morphine-6-glucoronide. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986;292(6535):1548–1549.

Darsey E , Outlaw AC . Age-related considerations for the use of opioids in pediatric pain management. Pain Digest 1994;4:12–20.

Weisman SJ , Schechter NL . The management of pain in children (review). Pediatr Rev 1991;12(8):237–243.

Tobias JD , Deshpande JK , Gregory DF . Outpatient therapy of iatrogenic drug dependency following prolonged sedation in the pediatric intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 1994;20(7):504–507.

Shapiro BA , Warren J , Egol AB , Greenbaum DM , Jacobi J , Nasr-away SA , et al. Practice parameters for intravenous analgesia and sedation for adult patients in the intensive care unit: an executive summary. Crit Care Med 1995;23(9):1596–1600.

Kirkwood CF , Edwards DJ , Lalka D , Lasezkay G , Hassett JM , Slaughter RL . The pharmacokinetics of meperidine in acute trauma patients. J Trauma 1986;26(12):1090–1093.

Brill JE . Control of pain (review). Crit Care Clin 1992;8(1):203–218.

Hertzka RE , Gauntlett IS , Fisher DM , Spellman MJ . Fentanyl-induced ventilatory depression: effects of age. Anesthesiology 1989;70(2):213–218.

Weinstein MS , Nicolson SC , Schreiner MS . A single dose of morphine sulfate increases the incidence of vomiting after outpatient inguinal surgery in children. Anesthesiology 1994;81(3):572–577.

Stevens MM , Dalla Pozza L , Cavalletto B , Cooper MG , Kilham HA . Pain and symptom control in paediatric palliative care (review). Cancer Surv 1994;21:211–231.

Jhamandas KH , Marsala M , Ibuki T , Yaksh TL . Spinal amino acid release and precipitated withdrawal in rats chronically infused with spinal morphine. J Neurosci 1996;16(8):2758–2766.

Pfefferbaum B , Hagberg CA . Pharmacological management of pain in children (review). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993;32(2):235–242.

Collins JJ , Grier HE , Kinney HC , Berde CB . Control of severe pain in children with terminal malignancy. J Pediatr 1995;126(4):653–657.

Cooper MG , Keneally JP , Kinchington D. Continuous brachial plexus neural blockade in a child with intractable cancer pain (review). J Pain Symptom Manage 1994;9(4):277–281.

Doyle E , Freeman J , Im NT , Morton NS . An evaluation of a new self-adhesive patch preparation of amethocaine for topical anaesthesia prior to venous cannulation in children. Anaesthesia 1993;48(12):1050–1052.

Zempsky WT , Anand KJS , Sullivan KM , Fraser D , Cucina K. Lidocaine iontophoresis for topical anesthesia before intravenous line placement in children. J Pediatr 1998;132(6):1061–1063.

Ernst AA , Marvez E , Nick TG , Chin E , Wood E , Gonzaba WT . Lidocaine adrenaline tetracaine gel versus tetracaine adrenaline cocaine gel for topical anesthesia in linear scalp and facial lacerations in children aged 5 to 17 years. Pediatrics 1995;95(2):255–258.

Weatherstone KB , Rasmussen LB , Erenberg A , Jackson EM , Claflin KS , Leff RD . Safety and efficacy of a topical anesthetic for neonatal circumcision. Pediatrics 1993;92(5):710–714.

Barker DP , Rutter N. Lignocaine ointment and local anaesthesia in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1995;72(3):F203–F204.

Law RM , Halpern S , Martins RF , Reich H , Innanen V , Ohlsson A. Measurement of methemoglobin after EMLA analgesia for newborn circumcision. Biol Neonate 1996;70(4):213–217.

Dean R. T.A.C. (letter). Pediatrics 1992;89(4 Pt 1):687–688.

Schilling CG , Bank DE , Borchert BA , Klatzko MD , Uden DL . Tetracaine, epinephrine (adrenalin), and cocaine (TAC) versus lidocaine, epinephrine, and tetracaine (LET) for anesthesia of lacerations in children. Ann Emerg Med 1995;25(2):203–208.

Stein C. The control of pain in peripheral tissue by opioids (review). N Engl J Med 1995;332(25):1685–1690.

Shafer AL , Donnelly AJ . Management of postoperative pain by continuous epidural infusion of analgesics (review). Clin Pharm 1991;10(10):745–764.

Shaw BA , Watson TC , Merzel DI , Gerardi JA , Birek A. The safety of continuous epidural infusion for postoperative analgesia in pediatric spine surgery. J Pediatr Orthop 1996;16(3):374–377.

McBride WJ , Dicker R , Abajian JC , Vane DW . Continuous thoracic epidural infusions for postoperative analgesia after pectus deformity repair. J Pediatr Surg 1996;31(1):105–108.

Tobias JD , Oakes L , Rao B. Continuous epidural anesthesia for postoperative analgesia in the pediatric oncology patient. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1992;14(3):216–221.

Yaster M , Tobin JR , Billett C , Casella JF , Dover G. Epidural analgesia in the management of severe vaso-occlusive sickle cell crisis. Pediatrics 1994;93(2):310–315.

Henneberg SW , Hole P , Madsen de Haas I , Jensen PJ . Epidural morphine for postoperative pain relief in children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1993;37(7):664–667.

Lyons B , Casey W , Doherty P , McHugh M , Moore KP . Pain relief with low-dose intravenous clonidine in a child with severe burns. Intensive Care Med 1996;22(3):249–251.

Mikawa K , Nishina K , Maekawa N , Asano N , Obara H. Oral clonidine premedication reduces vomiting in children after strabismus surgery. Can J Anaesth 1995;42(11):977–981.

Maze M , Tranquilli W. Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists: defining the role in clinical anesthesia (review). Anesthesiology 1991;74(3):581–605.

Irazuzta JE , Ahmed U , Gancayco A , Ahmed ST , Zhang J , Anand KJS . Intratracheal administration of fentanyl: pharmacokinetics and local tissue effects. Intensive Care Med 1996;22(2):129–133.

Zeltzer L , Regalado M , Nichter LS , Barton D , Jennings S , Pitt L. Iontophoresis versus subcutaneous injection: a comparison of two methods of local anesthesia delivery in children. Pain 1991;44(1):73–78.

Gibson TP . Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of analgesia with a focus on tramadol HCl (review). Am J Med 1996;101(1A):47S–53S.

Burkle H , Dunbar S , Van Aken H. Remifentanil: a novel, short-acting, mu-opioid (review). Anesth Analg 1996;83(3):646–651.

Hassenbusch SJ , Stanton-Hicks M , Covington EC . Spinal cord stimulation versus spinal infusion for low back and leg pain. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1995;64:109–115.