HubbardJP. Measuring medical education: the tests and experience of the NBME. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1978.
2.
RosenHK. Clinical simulation examination of the NBRT: is it better than the oral examination?Respir Ther1983;13(1):59–60,63.
3.
RennelsGD, ShortliffeEH. Advanced computing for medicine. Sci Am1987;257(4):154–161.
4.
TritzGJ. Computer modeling of microbiological experiments in the teaching laboratory: animation techniques. J Comp Math Sci Teaching1987;6(2):44–48.
5.
MaatschJL. Examiner assessments of clinical performance: What do they tell us about clinical competence?Eval Program Planning1987;10(1):13–17.
6.
KacmarekRM. The predictive validation of the clinical simulation examination: respiratory care practitioners. AARTimes1985;9(5):18–19.
7.
KeeganM.Scenario educational software: design and development of discovery learning. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Educational Technology Publications; 1995.
8.
AndersonEJ. Active learning in the lecture hall. Journal of College Science Teaching1997;26(5):428–429.
9.
DeNeveKM, HeppnerMJ. Role play simulations: the assessment of an active learning technique and comparison with traditional lectures. Innovative Higher Education1997;21(Spring):231–246.
10.
GarrettTJ, AshfordAR. Computer-assisted instruction in patient management for internal medicine residents. J Med Educ1986;61(12):987–989.
11.
HarlessWG. A voice-activated, interactive videodisc case study for use in the medical school classroom. J Med Educ1986;61(11):913–915.
12.
DiserensD, SchwartzMW, GueninM, TaylorLA. Measuring the problem-solving ability of students and residents by microcomputer. J Med Educ1986;61(6):461–466.
13.
MeredithRL, PilbeamSP, McCarthyK, StollerJK. Proficiency among respiratory therapy educators, staff, and students in using algorithms for therapist-driven protocols. Respir Care1996;41(7):595–600.
14.
CloutierMG, CowanML. Disaster medicine training through simulations for fourth-year students. J Med Educ1986;61(5):408–410.
15.
NormanGR, NuefeldVR, WalshA, WoodwardCA, McConveyGA. Measuring physicians’ performances by using simulated patients. J Med Educ1985;60(12):925–934.
16.
NormanGR, TugwellP, FeightnerJW. A comparison of resident performance on real and simulated patients. J Med Educ1982;57(9):708–715.
FarquharBB, VotawRG. Current trends in computer-based education in medicine. Educ Technol1978;18(4):54–56.
19.
KayeW.Research on ACLS training—which methods improve skill and knowledge retention?Respir Care1995;40(5):538–549.
20.
SchreinerRL, StevensD, GoslingCG, SterneckerCL, GreshamEL. Simulators to teach pediatric skills. J Med Educ1979;54(3):242–243.
21.
WilsonCC, NettingFE, HendersonSK. Gaming as a method for learning to resolve ethical dilemmas in long term care. Health Educ1988;19(1):42–44.
22.
HolzmanRS, CooperJB, GabaDM, PhilipJH, SmallSD, FeinsteinD.Anesthesia crisis resource management: real-life simulation training in operating room crises. J Clin Anesth1995;7(8):675–687.
23.
EngbergSJ, WhiteJE, BelleS.Establishing criterion validity of a computer-based clinical simulation. Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care1991:737–741.
24.
LaDucaA.The structure of competence in health professions. Eval Health Professions1980;3:253–288.
25.
SwansonDB. Evaluation of professional competence: written and computer-based simulations. Prof Educ Researcher Notes1984;6(1):9–14.
26.
HolzernerWL, ResnikB, SlichterM.Criterion-related validity of a clinical simulation. J Nurs Educ1986;25(7):286–290.
27.
CavanaughSH, LeadmanWE. The dimensionality of measures derived from a nationally standardized written clinical simulation examination. Eval Health Professions1988;11(3):333–357.
28.
BerskyAK. Effect of audiovisual enhancement on problem-solving and decision-making activities during a computerized clinical simulation test (CST) of nursing competence. Eval Health Professions1994;17(4):446–464.
29.
CorvettaA, PomponioG, SalviA, LuchettiMM, LevenFJ. Hypertext application and clinical simulation: innovative approaches in computer aided teaching of medicine. Lecture notes in medical informatics1990;40:406.
30.
HoffmanSB. Geriatrix: a role-playing game. Gerontologist1985;25(6):568–572.
31.
DerricksonJG, NeefNA, ParrishJM. Teaching self-administration of suctioning to children with tracheostomies. J Appl Behav Anal1991;24(3):563–570.
32.
ReimersTM, VanceMD, YoungRL. Teaching self-administration of nasogastric tube insertion to an adolescent with Crohn disease. J Appl Behav Anal1995;28(2):231–232.
33.
AbrahamsonSA, DensonJS. A developmental study of medical training simulators for anesthesiologists, final report. Los Angeles: UCLA School of Medicine; 1968.
34.
HoffmanKL, AbrahamsonS.The ‘cost-effectiveness’ of Sim One. J Med Educ1975;50(12, Part I):1127–1128.
35.
WongJ, WongS, RichardJ.Implementing computer-simulations as a strategy for evaluating decision-making skills of nursing students. Comput Nurs1992;10(6):264–269.
36.
RubensAJ. Testing airway management skills: interactive video courseware vs ACLS instructor. Respir Care1991;36(8):849–856.
37.
FitzgeraldJT, WolfFM, DavisWK, BarclayML, BozynskiME, ChamberlainKR, ClymanSG, ShopeTC, WoolliscroftJO, ZelenockGB. A preliminary-study of the impact of case specificity on computer-based assessment of medical-student clinical-performanceEval Health Professions1994;17(3):307–321.
38.
BerskyAK, YocomCJ. Computerized clinical simulation testing: its use for competence assessment in nursing. Nurs Health Care1994;15(3):120–127.
39.
MolinoG.A computer-based approach to education and training in clinical gastroenterology. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl1991;189:27–29.
40.
RichardsJM, GoetterWE, AmosPA. Validity of the allied health aptitude test in a respiratory therapy education program. Educ Psychol Meas1986;46:397–400.
KuesJR. The development and use of gaming in multidisciplinary geriatric education. Educ Gerontol1992;18(1):27–40.
43.
FelcianoRM. Multimedia clinical simulation based on patient records: authoring, user interface, pedagogy. Proc Annu Symp Comp Appl Med Care1994;18:59.
44.
SchellJW. A framework for learning advanced postsecondary vocational-technical skills. Comm College J Res Practice1993;17(4):357–374.
45.
HenrySB, HolzemerWL. The relationship between performance on computer-based clinical simulations and two written methods of evaluation: cognitive examination and self-evaluation of expertise. Comp Nurs1993;11(1):29–34.
46.
SaettlerP.The evolution of American educational technology. Englewood CA: Libraries Unlimited Inc; 1990:24,27.
47.
SaettlerP.The evolution of American educational technology. Englewood CA: Libraries Unlimited Inc; 1990:28–30.
48.
SaettlerP.The evolution of American educational technology. Englewood CA: Libraries Unlimited Inc; 1990:30.
49.
SaettlerP.The evolution of American educational technology. Englewood, CA: Libraries Unlimited, Inc., 1990:54–56.
50.
SmithGA. Respiratory Care: Evolution of a Profession. Lenexa KS: Applied Measurement Professionals Inc; 1989.
51.
KacmarekRM. The effects of both experience and education on performance on the National Board for Respiratory Care clinical simulation examination (validity, PMPs, branching logic problem). Doctoral dissertation;DAI 45-l 2A:3586. Chicago: Northwestern University; 1984.
52.
SolomonDJ, ReinhartMA, BridghamRG, MungerBS, StarnamanS.An assessment of an oral examination format for evaluating clinical competence in emergency medicine. Acad Med1990;65(9, Suppl):S43–S44.
53.
VossG.Computer-assisted instruction in medicine: a German view. (conference paper). March1978. Annual Meeting. Bellingham WA: Association for the Development of Computer Based Instructional Systems; 1978.
54.
ConzelmanGM. The use of computer-based data banks in the teaching of clinical problem-solving and medical case management to veterinary students. J Vet Med Educ1975;2(2):20–23.
55.
PaivaIP, KorhonenV.Validity and use of written simulation tests of clinical performance. J Med Educ1976;51(8):657–61.
56.
CringelyRX. Accidental empires: how the boys of Silicon Valley maker their millions, battle foreign competition, and still can't get a date. New York: Harper-Collins; 1996.
57.
FriedmanCP. Anatomy of the clinical simulation. Acad Med1995;70(3):205–209.
58.
EhrlichLR. The design, development, and evaluation of an evaluative computer simulation. (conference paper) March1979. Annual convention. Washington DC: Association of Educational and Communications Technology; 1979.
59.
CroccoJA, RooneyJJ, DiamondHS, PlotzCM, WeinerM.A computer-assisted instruction course in the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis1975;111(3):299–305.
60.
GaarKA. A simple model of the pulmonary circulation for hemodynamic study and examination. Physiologist1983;26(6):390–393.
61.
ModellHI, OlszowkaAJ, PlewesJL, FarhiLE. Role of computer graphics in simulations for teaching physiology. Physiologist1983;26(2):93–95.
62.
ClymanSG, OrrNA. Status report on the NBME's computer-based testing. Acad Med1990;65(4):235–41.
63.
HarlessWG, DuncanRC, ZierMA, AyersWR, BermanJR, PohlHS. A field test of the TIME patient simulation model. Acad Med1990;65(5):327–333.
64.
LangdonW, BraleyG.Client/server RIS: assessing the risks. Health Care Informatics1996;13(11):70–72,74.
65.
NicholsJ.Ten reasons you need a health care information systems integrator. Health Care Informatics1996;13(9):26,28,30.
66.
MasonJ.Finding health resources on the Internet—the departure lounge. Health Econ1996;5(4):375–379.
GreekC, GilbertS.Displaying medical illustrations on the Internet. J Biocommun1996;23(3):30–32.
70.
ShortliffeEH, BarnettGO, CiminoJJ, GreenesRA, HuffSM, PatelVL. Collaborative medical informatics research using the Internet and World Wide Web. Proc AMIA Annu Fall Symp1996:125–129.
71.
BarrettR.Telemedicine on the rise on the Internet. Interactive Week1997;4(15):1,58–59.
72.
HoffmanH, IrwinA, LigonR, MurrayM, TohsakuC.Virtual reality-multimedia synthesis: next-generation learning environments for medical education. J Biocommun1995;22(3):2–7.
73.
HaywardT.Adventures in virtual reality. Carmel IN: QUE Corporation; 1993:47.
74.
FranchiJ.Virtual reality: an overview. TechTrends1994;39(1):23–26.
75.
HonD.Ixion's realistic medical simulations. Virtual Reality World; July/Aug1994:58–62.
76.
MeredithW.Virtual reality for patients with spinal cord injury. MD Comput1996;13(5):400–405.
77.
ViningDJ, LiuK, ChoplinRH, HaponikEF. Virtual bronchoscopy. Relationships of virtual reality endobronchial simulations to actual bronchoscopic findings. Chest1996;109(2):549–553.
78.
SatavaRM. Virtual reality and telepresence for military medicine. Comput Biol Med1995;25(2):229–236.
79.
PinciroliF, ValenzaP.An inventory of computer resources for the medical application of virtual reality. Comput Biol Med1995;25(2):115–125.
80.
SatavaRM. Medical applications of virtual reality. J Med Syst1995;19(3):275–280.
81.
WhalleyLJ. Ethical issues in the application of virtual reality to medicine. Comput Biol Med1995;25(2):107–114.
82.
KozakJJ, HancockPA, ArthurEJ, ChryslerST. Transfer of training from virtual reality. Ergonomics1993;36(7):777–784.
83.
ViirreE.A survey of medical issues and virtual reality technology. Virtual Reality World; July/Aug1994:16–20.
84.
StraussS.Virtual reality too real for many. Globe and Mail;March4, 1995:A1+.
85.
RamseyD.Evaluation of surgical resident applications using simulated patients. Evaluation and Program Planning1987;10(1):9–12.