DownsJB, KleinEFJr, DesautelsD, ModeliJH, KirbyR.Intermittent mandatory ventilation: a new approach to weaning patients from mechanical ventilators. Chest1973;64(3):331–335.
5.
HeenanTJ, DownsJ, DouglasME, RuizBC, JumperL.Intermittent mandatory ventilation: is synchronization important?Chest1980;77(5):598–602.
6.
SassoonCSH. Mechanical ventilator design and function: the trigger variable. Respir Care1992;37(9):1056–1069.
7.
MariniJJ, RodriguezRM, LambV.The inspiratory workload of patient-initiated mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis1986;134(5):902–909.
8.
KacmarekR, PiersonD.Chapter 83: Management of the patient-mechanical ventilator system. In: Foundations of respiratory care, KacmarekR, PiersonD, editors. New York: Churchill Livingston, 1992:973–1012.
9.
KacmarekR.Essential gas delivery features of mechanical ventilators. Respir Care1992;37(9):1045–1055.
10.
CampbellRS, BransonRD. Ventilatory support for the 90s: pressure support ventilation. Respir Care1993;38(5):526–537.
11.
HirschC, KacmarekRM, StanekK.Work of breathing during CPAP and PSV imposed by the new generation mechanical ventilators: a lung model study. Respir Care1991;36(8):815–828.
12.
ChatburnR.A new system for understanding mechanical ventilators. Respir Care1991;36(10):1123–1155.
13.
MariniJJ. Lung mechanics determinations at the bedside: instrumentation and clinical application. Respir Care1990;35(7):669–696.
14.
PilbeamS.Mechanical ventilation: physiological and clinical applications. C.V. Chapter Eight Patient management. St Louis: Mosby-Year Book Inc, 1986.
15.
KacmarekR, HessD, StollerJ.Chapter 16: Airway pressure, flow and volume waveforms, and lung mechanics during mechanical ventilation. In: Monitoring in respiratory care. St Louis: Mosby-Year Book Inc, 1993.
KacmarekRM. Chapter 22: Systematic modification of ventilatory support. In: Core textbook of respiratory care practice. St Louis: Mosby-Year Book Inc, 1994.
21.
ScanlanC.Chapter 32: Initiating and adjusting ventilatory support. In: Egan's fundamentals of respiratory care, 6th ed, ScanlanCL, SpearmanCB, SheldonRL. St Louis: Mosby-Year Book Inc, 1995:894–919.
22.
BransonRD, DavisKJr. Work of breathing imposed by five ventilators used for long term support: the effects of PEEP and simulated patient demand. Respir Care1995;40(12):1270–1278.
23.
BarnesT.Core textbook of respiratory care practice. Appendix B–Applied mathematics for respiratory care. St Louis: Mosby-Year Book Inc, 1994.
24.
KacmarekRM, MackCM, DimasS.The essentials of respiratory therapy, 3rd ed, St Louis: Mosby-Year Book Inc, 1990.
25.
BergmanNA. Intrapulmonary gas trapping during mechanical ventilation at rapid frequencies. Anesthesiology1972;37(6):626–633.
26.
PepePE, MariniJJ. Occult positive end-expiratory pressure in mechanically ventilated patients with airflow obstruction: the auto-PEEP effect. Am Rev Respir Dis1982;126(1):166–170.
27.
BakerAB, BabingtonPC, CollieRW Colliss. Effects of varying inspiratory flow waveform and time in intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Introduction and methods. Br J Anaesth1977;49(12):1207–1220.
28.
BakerAB, RestallR, ClarkBW. Effects of varying inspiratory flowwaveform and time in intermittent positive pressure ventilation: emphy-sema. Br J Anaesth1982;54(5):547–554.
29.
Al-SaadyN, BennettED. Decelerating inspiratory flow waveformimproves lung mechanics and gas exchange in patients on intermittentpositive-pressure ventilation. Intensive Care Med1985;11(2):68–75.
30.
RavenscraftSA, BurkeWC, MariniJJ. Volume-cycled decelerat-ing flow. An alternative form of mechanical ventilation. Chest1992;101(5):1342–1351.
KacmarekRM. Positive end-expiratory pressure. In: Foundations ofrespiratory care, PiersonDJ, KacmarekRM editors. New York: Churchill Livingston, 1992:891–920.
33.
HessD.Inhaled bronchodilators during mechanical ventilation: deliv-ery techniques, evaluation of response, and cost-effectiveness. RespirCare1994:39(2):105–122.
34.
HowardWR. Pressure-control ventilation with a Puritan-Bennett7200-A ventilator: application of an algorithm and results in 14 patients. Respir Care1993;38(1):32–40;
35.
KacmarekRM, VenegasJ.Mechanical ventilatory rates and tidal vol-umesRespir Care1987:32(6):466–478.
36.
YangK, TobinMJ. A prospective study of predicting the outcomeof trials of weaning from mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med1991;324(21):1445–1450.
37.
CampbellEJM. The respiratory muscles and the mechanics of breath-ing. Chicago: Yearbook, 1958.
38.
BlanchPB, BannerMJ. A new respiratory monitor that enables accu-rate measurement of work of breathing: a validation study. RespirCare1994;39(9):897–904;
39.
WollamPJ, KasperCL, BishopMJ, PiersonDJ. Prediction and assess-ment of bronchodilator response in mechanically ventilated patients. Respir Care1994;39(7):730–735.
40.
GayPC, RodarteJR, TayyabM, HubmayrRD. Evaluation of bron-chodilator responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients. AmRev Respir Dis1987;136(4):880–885.
41.
DavisKJr, BransonRD, PorembkaD.A comparison of the imposedwork of breathing with endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes in a lungmodel. Respir Care1994:39(6):611–616.
42.
EstenbanA, FrutosF, TobinM, AliaI, SolsonaJF, ValverduI, et al. A comparison of four methods of weaning patients from mechan-ical ventilation. Spanish Lung Failure Collaborative Group. N EnglJ Med1995;332(6):345–350.
43.
LeithDE, BradleyM.Ventilatory muscle strength and endurancetraining. J Appl Physiol1976;41(4):508–516.
44.
BrochardL, RaussA, BenitoS, ContiG, ManceboJ, GesparettoA,LemaireF.Comparison of three methods of gradual withdrawal fromventilatory support during weaning from mechanical ventilation. AmJ Respir Crit Care Med1994;150(4):896–903.
45.
McKibbenA, ChandraA, AdamsAB, MariniJJ. Patterns of respi-ratory muscle re-loading during withdrawal of pressure support ven-tilation (PSV) and synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation(SIMV) (Abstract). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151(4):A236.
46.
MariniJJ. Weaning techniques and protocols. Respir Care1995;40(3):233–238.
47.
FiastroJF, HabibMP, ShonBY, CampbellSC. Comparison of stan-dard weaning parameters and the mechanical work of breathing inmechanically ventilated patients. Chest1988;94(2):232–238.
48.
KacmarekR, HessD, StollerJ.Monitoring in Respiratory Care: Chap-ter 21-Monitoring in adult critical care. St Louis: Mosby-Year BookInc, 1992.
49.
MariniJJ, SmithTC, LambV.Estimation of inspiratory musclestrength in mechanically ventilated patients.: the measurement of max-imal inspiratory pressure. J Crit Care1986;1(1):32–38.
50.
PetrosA, LamondC, BennettD.The Bicore pulmonary monitor. Adevise to assess the work of breathing during mechanical ventilation. Anaesthesia1993;48(11):985–988.
51.
SassoonCSH, TeTT, MahutteCK. Airway occlusion pressure. Animportant indicator for successful weaning in patients with chronicobstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis1987;135(1):107–113.
52.
MurcianoD, BoczkowskiJ, LecocguicY, EmiliJM, ParienteR, AubierM.Tracheal occlusion pressure: a simple index to monitor respira-tory muscle fatigue during acute respiratory failure in patients withchronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med1988;108(6):800–805.
53.
BaydurA, ChaEJ, SassoonC.Validation of esophageal balloon tech-nique at different lung volumes and postures. J Appl Physiol1987:62(1):315–321.
54.
BellemareF, GrassinoA.Evaluation of diaphragm fatigue. J ApplPhysiol1982;53(5):1190–1195.
55.
KussinPS. Respiratory muscle fatigue and deconditioning. Probl RespirCare1991;4(1):68–89.
56.
ClantonTL, DixonGF, DrakeJ, et al. Effects of breathing patternon inspiratory muscle endurance in humans. J Appl Physiol1985;59(6):1834–1841.
57.
McCoolFD, McCannDR, LeithDE, HoppinFGJr. Pressure-flow effects on endurance of inspiratory muscles. J Appl Physiol1986;60(1):299–303.
58.
CollettPW, PerryC, EngleLA. Pressure-time product, flow, and oxy-gen cost of resistive breathing in humans. J Appl Physiol1985;58(4):1263–1272.
59.
TobinMJ, PerezW, GuentherSM, SemmesBJ, MadorMJ, AllenSJ, et al. The pattern of breathing during successful and unsuccessfultrials of weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis1986;134(6):1111–1118.