LevitzkyMG. Pulmonary physiology, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc, 1995.
2.
EnhorningG, DuffyLC, WelliverRC. Pulmonary surfactant maintains patency of conducting airways in the rat. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1995;151(2, Part 1):554–556.
3.
NotterRH, MorrowPE. Pulmonary surfactant: a surface chemistry viewpoint. Ann Biomed Eng1975;3(2):119–159.
ClementsJA, TierneyDF. Alveolar instability associated with altered surface tension. In: FennWO, RahnH, editors. Handbook of physiology, Section 3: respiration. Washington, DC: American Physiological Society, 1965;2:1565–1583.
6.
RooneySA. The surfactant system and lung phospholipid biochemistry. Am Rev Respir Dis1985;131(3):439–460.
7.
BurkhardtR, van GoldeLMG. Lipids and lipid metabolism in the lung: basic aspects and alterations in disease states. In: MassaroD, editor. Lung cell biology. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1989;41:591–654.
8.
KingRJ, ClementsJA. Surface active materials from dog lung. II. Composition and physiological correlations. Am J Physiol1972;223(3):715–726.
9.
HawgoodS, BensonBJ. The molecular biology of surfactant apopro-teins. In: MassaroD, editor. Lung cell biology. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1989;41:701–734.
10.
VoelkerDR, MasonRJ. Alveolar type II epithelial cells. In: MassaroD, editor. Lung cell biology. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1989;41:487–538.
11.
PossmayerF.The role of surfactant-associated proteins (editorial). Am Rev Respir Dis1990;142(4):749–752.
12.
LewisJF, JobeAH. Surfactant and the adult respiratory distress syn-drome. Am Rev Respir Dis1993;147(1):218–233. See the published erratum Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147(4):1068.
13.
SueishiK, BensonBJ. Isolation of a major apolipoprotein of canine and murine pulmonary surfactant biochemical and immunochem-ical characteristics. Biochim Biophys Acta1981;665(3):442–453.
14.
HolmBA, MatalonS.Role of pulmonary surfactant in the development and treatment of adult respiratory distress syndrome. Anesth Analg1989;69(6):805–818.
15.
YukitakeK, BrownCL, SchlueterMA, ClementsJA, HawgoodS.Surfactant apoprotein A modifies the inhibitory effect of plasma proteins on surfactant activity in vivo. Pediatr Res1995;37(1):21–25.
16.
PerssonA, ChangD, RustK, MoxleyM, LongmoreW, CrouchE.Purification and biochemical characterization of CP4 (SP-D), a col-lagenous surfactant-associated protein. Biochem1989;28(15):6361–6367.
JobeA.Metabolism of endogenous surfactant and exogenous surfactants for replacement therapy. Semin Perinatol1988;12(3):231–244.
19.
WrightJR, ClementsJA. Lung surfactant turnovers and factors that affect turnover. In: MassaroD, editor. Lung cell biology. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1989;41:655–699.
20.
GoerkeJ, ClementsJA. Alveolar surface tension and lung surfac-tant. In: FishmanAP, editor. Handbook of physiology, Section 3: the respiratory system. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society, 1986;3:247–261.
21.
YoungSL, SilbajorisRA. Type II cell response to chronic beta adren-ergic agonist and antagonist infusions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther1985;233(1):271–276.
22.
AveryME, MeadJ.Surface properties in relation to atelectasis and hyaline membrane disease. Am J Dis Child1959;97:517–523.
23.
AshbaughDG, BigelowDB, PettyTL, LevineBE. Acute respira-tory distress in adults. Lancet1967;2(7511):319–323.
24.
PettyTL, AshbaughDG. The adult respiratory distress syndrome. Clinical features, factors influencing prognosis, and principles of man-agement. Chest1971;60(3):233–239.
25.
RepineJE. Scientific perspectives on adult respiratory distress syn-drome. Lancet1992;339(8791):466–469.
26.
DemlingRH. Adult respiratory distress syndrome: current concepts. New Horiz1993;1(3):388–401.
27.
BernardGR, ArtigasA, BrighamKL, CarletJ, FalkeK, HudsonL, et al. The American-European con-sensus conference on ARDS: definitions, mechanisms, relevant out-comes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1994;149(3, Part 1):818–824.
28.
SeegerW, GüntherA.Surfactant and adult respiratory distress syn-drome. In: MüllerB, von WichertP, editors. Lung surfactant: basic research in the pathogenesis of lung disorders. Prog Respir Res1994;27:222–231.
29.
HallmanM, MaasiltaP, SipiläI, TahvanainenT.Composition and function of pulmonary surfactant in adult respiratory distress syn-drome. Eur Respir J Suppl1989;2(3, Suppl):104S–108S.
30.
HallmanM, SpraggR, HarrellJH, MoserKM, GluckL.Evidence of lung surfactant abnormality in respiratory failure. Study of bron-choalveolar lavage phospholipids, surface activity, phospholipase activity, and plasma myoinositol. J Clin Invest1982;70(3):673–683.
31.
PisonU, SeegerW, BuchhornR, JokaT, BrandM, ObertackeU, et al. Surfactant abnormalities in patients with respiratory failure after multiple trauma. Am Rev Respir Dis1989;140(4):1033–1039.
32.
GregoryTJ, LongmoreWJ, MoxleyMA, WhitsettJA, ReedCR, FowlerAAIII, et al. Surfactant chemical composition and biophysical activity in acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Clin Invest1991;88(6):1976–1981.
33.
HallSB, NotterRH, SmithRJ, HydeRW. Altered function of pul-monary surfactant in fatty acid lung injury. J Appl Physiol1990;69(3):1143–1149.
34.
LewisJF, IkegamiM, JobeAH. Altered surfactant function and metabolism in rabbits with acute lung injury. J Appl Physiol1990;69(6):2303–2310.
35.
BerryD, IkegamiM, JobeA.Respiratory distress and surfactant inhi-bition following vagotomy in rabbits. J Appl Physiol1986;61(5):1741–1748.
36.
PisonU, ObertackeU, SeegerW, HawgoodS.Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is decreased in acute parenchymal lung injury associated with polytrauma. Eur J Clin Investig1992;22(11):712–718.
37.
HiguchiR, LewisJ, IkegamiM.In vitro conversion of surfactant sub-types is altered in alveolar surfactant isolated from injured lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis1992;145(6):1416–1420.
38.
VeldhuizenRAW, McCaigL, AkinoT, LewisJF. Alveolar surfactant aggregates are altered in patients with adult respiratory distress syn-drome (abstract). Am J Respir Crit Care Med1994;149(4):A124.
39.
LachmannB, HallmanM, BergmannKC. Respiratory failure fol-lowing anti-lung serum: study on mechanisms associated with sur-factant system damage. Exp Lung Res1987;12(2):163–180.
40.
KobayashiT, NittaK, GanzukaM, InuiS, GrossmanG, RobertsonB.Inactivation of exogenous surfactant by pulmonary edema fluid. Pediatr Res1991;29(4, Part 1):353–356.
41.
JobeA, IkegamiM, JacobsH, JonesS, ConawayD.Permeability of premature lamb lungs to protein and the effect of surfactant on that permeability. J Appl Physiol1983;55(1, Part 1):169–176.
42.
HallmanM, MerrittTA, BryK.The fate of exogenous surfactant in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome. Clin Pharmacokinet1994;26(3):215–232.
43.
Ten Centre Study Group. Ten centre trial of artificial surfactant (arti-ficial lung expanding compound) in very premature babies. Br Med J Clin Res Ed1987;294(6578):991–996.
44.
MorleyCJ, GreenoughA, MillerNG, BanghamAD, PoolJ, WoodS, et al. Randomized trial of artificial surfactant (ALEC) given at birth to babies from 23 to 34 weeks gestation. Early Hum Dev1988;17(1):41–54.
45.
MorleyCJ, MorleyR.Follow up of premature babies treated with artificial surfactant (ALEC). Arch Dis Child1990;65(7, Special Num-ber):667–669.
46.
MacnaughtonPD, EvansTW. The effect of exogenous surfactant therapy on lung function following cardiopulmonary bypass. Chest1994;105(2):421–425.
47.
AbbasiS, BhutaniVK, GerdesJS. Long-term pulmonary consequences of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants treated with exoge-nous surfactant. J Pediatr1993;122(3):446–452.
48.
BoseC, CorbetA, BoseG, Garcia-PratsJ, LombardyL, WoldD, et al. Improved outcome at 28 days of age for very low birth weight infants treated with a single dose of a synthetic surfactant. J Pedi-atr1990;117(6):947–953.
49.
CorbetA, GerdesJ, LongW, AvilaE, PuriA, RosenbergA, EdwardsK, CookL, and the American Exosurf Neonatal Study Groups I and IIa. Double-blind, randomized trial of one versus three prophylac-tic doses of synthetic surfactant in 826 neonates weighing 700-1100 grams: effects on mortality rate. J Pediatr1995;126(6):969–978.
50.
CorbetA, LongW, SchumacherR, GerdesJ, CottonR.Double-blind developmental evaluation at 1-year corrected age of 597 premature infants with birth weights from 500 to 1350 grams enrolled in three placebo-controlled trials of prophylactic synthetic surfactant. American Exo-surf Neonatal Study Group I. J Pediatr1995;126(5, Part 2):S5–12.
51.
CorbetA, BucciarelliR, GoldmanS, MammelM, WoldD, LongW, and the American Exosurf Pediatric Study Group. Decreased mor-tality rate among small premature infants treated at birth with a sin-gle dose of synthetic surfactant: a multicenter controlled trial. J Pedi-atr1991;118(2):277–284.
52.
HorbarJD, WrightLL, SollRF, WrightEC, FanaroffAA, KoronesSB, et al, and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Devel-opment Neonatal Research Network. A multicenter randomized trial comparing two surfactants for the treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. J Pediatr1993;123(5):757–766.
53.
LongW, ThompsonT, SundellH, SchumacherR, VolbergF, GuthrieR, and the American Exosurf Neonatal Study Group I. Effects of two rescue doses of a synthetic surfactant on mortality rate and survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia in 700- to 1350-gram infants with respiratory distress syndrome. J Pediatr1991;118(4, Part 1):595–605.
54.
KraybillEN, BoseCL, CorbettAJ, Garcia-PratsJ, AsbillD, EdwardsK, LongW.Double-blind evaluation of developmental and health status to age 2 years of infants weighing 700 to 1350 grams treated prophylactically at birth with a single dose of synthetic surfactant or air placebo. J Pediatr1995;126(5, Part 2):S33–42.
55.
SellM, CottonR, HirataT, GuthrieR, LeBlancM, MammelM, LongW, and the American Exosurf Neonatal Group I. One-year follow up of 273 infants with birth weights of 700 to 1100 grams after pro-phylactic treatment of respiratory distress syndrome with synthetic surfactant or air placebo. J Pediatr1995;126(5, Part 2):S20–25.
56.
WiedemannH, BaughmanR, DeBoisblancE, ShusterD, CaldwellE, WegJ, et al, and the Exosurf ARDS Sepsis Study Group. A mul-ticenter trial in human sepsis-induced ARDS of an aerosolized syn-thetic surfactant (Exosurf) (abstract). Am Rev Respir Dis1992;145:A184.
57.
WegJG, BalkBA, TharrattS, JenkinsSG, ShahJB, ZaccardelliD, et al. Safety and potential efficacy of an aerosolized surfactant in human sepsis-induced adult respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA1994;272(18):1433–1438.
58.
WachR, DarlowB, BourchierD, BroadbentR, KnightD, SelbyR.Respiratory distress syndrome in New Zealand: evidence from the OSIRIS trial of exogenous surfactant (Exosurf). N Z. Med J1994;107(980):234–237.
59.
The OSIRIS Collaborative Group. Early versus delayed neonatal administration of a synthetic surfactant-the judgment of OSIRIS. Lancet1992;340(8832):1363–1369.
60.
SweeneyTD, ReinischUS, KirkJE, VitowC, OffordS, GlavinosP, IngenitoE, BrainJD. A synthetic phospholipid- KL4 surfactant improves lung function in a rat model of ARDS (abstract). Am J Respir Crit Care Med1994;149(4):A126.
61.
ZolaEM, OverbachAM, GunkelJH, MitchellBR, NagleBT, DeMarcoNG, et al. Treatment investigational new drug experience with Survanta (beractant). Pediatrics1993;91(3):546–551.
62.
LotzeA, KnightGR, MartinGR, BulasDI, HullWM, O'DonnellRM, et al. Improved pulmonary outcome after exogenous surfactant therapy for respiratory failure in term infants requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr1993;122(2):261–268.
63.
GregoryTG, LongmoreWJ, MoxleyMA, CaiG-Z, GadekJE, Wei-landJE, et al. Surfactant repletion following Survanta supplemen-tation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (abstract). Am J Respir Crit Care Med1994;149:A124.
64.
FerraraTB, HoekstraRE, CouserRJ, GazianoEP, CalvinSE, PayneNR, FangmanJJ. Survival and follow up of infants born at 23 to 26 weeks gestational age: effects of surfactant therapy. J Pediatr1994;124(1):119–124.
65.
JobeAE. Pulmonary surfactant therapy. N Engl J Med1993;328(12):861–868.
66.
LachmannB.Animal models and clinical pilot studies of surfactant replacement in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Eur Respir J Suppl1989;2(3):98s–103s.
67.
HarrisJD, JacksonFJr, MoxleyMA, LongmoreWJ. Effect of exoge-nous surfactant instillation on experimental acute lung injury. J Appl Physiol1989;66(4):1846–1851.
68.
LewisJF, IkegamiM, JobeAH. Metabolism of exogenously admin-istered surfactant in the acutely injured lungs of adult rabbits. Am Rev Respir Dis1992;145(1):19–23.
69.
HallSB, LuRZ, VenkitaramanAR, HydeRW, NotterRH. Inhib-ition of pulmonary surfactant by oleic acid mechanisms and char-acteristics. J Appl Physiol1992;72(5):1708–1716.
70.
SchusterDP. ARDS: clinical lessons from the oleic acid model of acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1994;149(1):245–260.
71.
KanekoT, SatoT, KatsuyaH, MiyauchiY.Surfactant therapy for pulmonary edema due to intratracheally injected bile acid. Crit Care Med1990;18(1):77–83.
72.
EijkingEP, GommersD, SoKL, VergeerM, LachmannB.Surfactant treatment of respiratory failure induced by hydrochloric acid aspi-ration in rats. Anesthesiology1993;78(6):1145–1151.
73.
FracicaPJ, CaminitiSP, PiantadosiCA, DuhaylongsodFG, CrapoJD. YoungSL. Natural surfactant and hyperoxic lung injury in primates. II. Morphometric analyses. J Appl Physiol1994;76(3):1002–1010.
74.
HuangYC, CaminitiSP, FawcettTA, MoonRE, FracicaPJ, MillerFJ, et al. Natural surfactant and hyperoxic lung injury in primates I. Physiology and biochemistry. J Appl Physiol1994;76(3):991–1001.
75.
NovotnyWE, HudakBH, MatalonS, HolmBA. Hyperoxic lung injury reduces exogenous surfactant clearance in vivo. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1993;151:1843–1847.
76.
van't VeenA, SoKL, LachmannB.Surfactant replacement therapy in animal models of respiratory failure due to viral infection. In: VaupelP, editor. Oxygen transport to tissue. New York: Plenum Press, 1994;15:83–94.
77.
MatalonS, HolmBA, NotterRH. Mitigation of pulmonary hyper-oxic injury by administration of exogenous surfactant. J Appl Phys-iol1987;62(2):756–761.
78.
SachsS, GhioAJ, YoungSL, PiantadosCA. Mechanism of protection against hyperoxic lung injury by components of artificial surfactant (abstract). Am J Respir Crit Care Med1994;149(4 Part 2):A450.
79.
IkegamiM, UedaT, AbsolomD, BaxterC, RiderE, JobeAH. Changes in exogenous surfactant in ventilated preterm lamb lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis1993;148(4, Part 1):837–844.
80.
ThomassenMJ, AntalJM, ConnersMJ, MeekerDP, WeidemannHP. Characterizations of Exosurf (surfactant)-mediated suppression of stimulated human alveolar macrophage cytokine responses. Am J Respir Cell Mol Bio1994;10(4):399–404.
81.
AllenJN, MooreSA, Pope-HarmanAL, MarshCB, WewersMD. Immunosuppressive properties of surfactant and plasma on alveo-lar macrophages. J Lab Clin Med1995;125(3):356–369.
82.
RothMD, PintoM, GolubSH, ShauH.Pulmonary surfactant inhibits interleukin-2-induced proliferation and the generation of lymphokine-activated killer cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Bio1993;9(6):652–658.
83.
ThomassenMJ, MeekerDP, AntelJM, ConnersMJ, WiedemannHP. Synthetic surfactant (Exosurf) inhibits endotoxin-stimulated cytokine secretion by human alveolar macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol1992;7(3):257–260.
84.
CummingsJJ, HolmBA, HudakML, HudakBB, FergusonWH, EganEA. A controlled clinical comparison of four different surfactant prepa-rations in surfactant-deficient preterm lambs. Am Rev Respir Dis1992;145(5):999–1004.
85.
HallSB, VenkitaramanAR, WhitsettJA, HolmBA, NotterRH. Impor-tance of hydrophobic apoproteins as constituents of clinical exoge-nous surfactants. Am Rev Respir Dis1992;145(1):24–30.
RajuTN, LangenbergP.Pulmonary hemorrhage and exogenous sur-factant therapy: a meta-analysis. J Pediatr1993;123(4):603–610.
88.
HennesHM, LeeMB, RimmAA, ShapiroDL. Surfactant replace-ment therapy in respiratory distress syndrome. Meta-analysis of clin-ical trials of single-dose surfactant extracts. Am J Dis Child1991;145:102–104.
89.
American Association for Respiratory Care Perinatal-Pediatrics Guide-lines Committee. Surfactant replacement therapy. Respir Care1994;39(8):824–829.
90.
GortnerL, BartmannP, PohlandtF, BernsauU, PorzF, HellwegeHH, et al. Early treatment of respiratory distress syndrome with bovine surfactant in very preterm infants: a multicenter controlled clinical trial. Pediatr Pulmonol1992;14(1):4–9.
91.
KendigJW, NotterRH, CoxC, AschnerJL, BennS, BernsteinRM, et al. Surfactant replacement therapy at birth: final analysis of a clin-ical trial and comparisons with similar trials. Pediatrics1988;82(5):756–762.
92.
HallidayHL, Tarnow-MordiWO, CorcoranJD, PattersonCC. Mul-ticentre randomized trial comparing high and low dose surfactant reg-imens for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome (the Curo-surf 4 trial). Arch Dis Child1993;69(3, Special Number):276–280.
93.
MerrittTA, HallidayHL. On exogenous surfactant therapy (edito-rial). Pediatr Pulmonol1992;14(1):1–3. See the published erratum in Pediatr Pulmonol 1992;14(1):10–15.
94.
LongW, ZuckerJ, KraybillE.Symposium on synthetic surfactant. II: perspective and commentary. J Pediatr1995;126(5, Part 2):S1–S5.
95.
WaltherFJ, MullettM, SchumacherR, SundellH, EasaD, LongW, and the American Exosurf Neonatal Study Group. One-year follow up of 66 premature infants weighing 500 to 699 grams treated with a single dose of synthetic surfactant or air placebo at birth: results of a double-blind trial. J Pediatr1995;126(5, Part 2):S13–19.
96.
RichmanPS, SpraggRG, RobertsonB, MerrittTA, CurstedtT.The adult respiratory distress syndrome: first trials with surfactant replace-ment. Eur Respir J Suppl1989;2(3):109s–111s.
97.
NosakaS, SakaiT, YonekuraM, YoshikawaK.Surfactant for adults with respiratory failure (letter). Lancet1990;336(8720):947–948.
98.
HeikinheimoM, HynynenM, RautiainenP, AnderssonS, HallmanM, KukkonenS.Successful treatment of ARDS with two doses of synthetic surfactant. Chest1994;105(4):1263–1264.
99.
WegJG, ReinesH, BalkR, TharrattS, KearneyP, KillianT, et al, and the Exosurf-ARDS Sepsis Study Group. Safety and efficacy of an aerosolized surfactant (Exosurf) in human sepsis-induced ARDS (abstract). Chest1991;100(2):137S.
100.
AnzuetoA, BaughmanR, GuntupalliK, DeMariaE, DavisK, WegJ, et al, and the Exosurf ARDS Sepsis Study Group. An international, randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the safety and effi-cacy of aerosolized surfactant in patients with sepsis-induced ARDS (abstract). Am J Respir Crit Care Med1994;149(4, Part 2):A567. Also see AnzuetoA, BaughmanRP, GuntupalliKK, WegJG, WiedemannHP, RaventósAA, et al. Aerosolized surfactant in sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 1996; (in press).
101.
GregoryTJ, LongmoreWJ, MoxleyMA, CaiG-Z, GadekJE, Wei-landJE, et al. Surfactant repletion following Survanta supplemen-tation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (abstract). Am J Respir Crit Care Med1994;149:A124.
102.
SpraggRG, GilliardN, RichmanP, SmithRM, HiteRD, PappertD, et al. Acute effects of a single dose of porcine surfactant on patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Chest1994;105(1):195–202.
103.
JobeA, IkegamiM.Surfactant for the treatment of respiratory dis-tress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis1987;136(5):1256–1275.
104.
JobeA, IkegamiM, JacobsH, JonesS.Surfactant and pulmonary blood flow distributions following treatment of premature lambs with natural surfactant. J Clin Invest1984;73(3):848–856.
105.
GilliardN, RichmanPM, MerrittTA, SpraggRG. Effect of volume and dose on the pulmonary distribution of exogenous surfactant admin-istration to normal rabbits or to rabbits with oleic acid lung injury. Am Rev Respir Dis1990;141(3):743–747.
106.
Van der BleekJ, PlotzFB, Van OverbeekFM, HeikampA, BeekhuisH, WildevuurRH, et al. Distribution of exogenous surfactant in rab-bits with severe respiratory failure: the effect of volume. Pediatr Res1993;34(2):154–158.
107.
O'BrodovichH, HannamV.Exogenous surfactant rapidly increases Pao2 in mature rabbits with lungs that contain large amounts of saline. Am Rev Respir Dis1993;147(5):1087–1090.
LewisJ, IkegamiM, HiguchiR, JobeA, AbsolomD.Nebulized vs instilled exogenous surfactant in an adult lung injury model. J Appl Physiol1991;71(4):1270–1276.
110.
LewisJF, IkegamiM, JobeAH, AbsolomD.Physiologic responses and distribution of aerosolized surfactant (Survanta) in a nonuni-form pattern of lung injury. Am Rev Respir Dis1993;147(6, Part 1):1364–1370.
111.
LewisJF, McCaigL.Aerosolized versus instilled exogenous sur-factant to a nonuniform pattern of lung injury. Am Rev Respir Dis1993;148(5):1187–1193.
112.
RaabeOG, LeeJIC, WongGA. A signal actuated nebulizer for the use with breathing machines. J Aerosol Med1989;2:201–210.
113.
HaasCF, WegJG, KettellCW, CaldwellEJ, ZaccardelliDS, BrownDL. Effects of dense, high-volume, artificial surfactant aerosol on a heated exhalation filter system. Crit Care Med1993;21(1):125–130.
114.
HaasCF, FolkLM, WegJG, ZaccardelliDS, BrownDL. A nebu-lizer system for administering synthetic surfactant (abstract). Respir Care1992;37(11):1367.
115.
ColemanRE, MacIntyreN, SnyderG, PattishallE, ZaccardelliD.Aerosol characteristics of Tc-Pentetic acid (DTPA) and synthetic surfactant (Exosurf). Chest1994;105(6):1765–1769.
116.
HaasCF, JohnsonSJ, WegJG, ZaccardelliDS, PattishallEN. A devel-opmental exhalation aerosol filter for synthetic surfactant during mechanical ventilation (abstract). Respir Care1992;37(11):1367.
117.
HaasCF, WegJG, ZaccardelliDS. Effect of changing compliance, expiratory resistance, and inspiratory flow pattern with the Visan-9 nebulizer (abstract). Respir Care1993;38(11):1293.
118.
HaasCF, FolkLM, WegJG, ZaccardelliDS. PEFR as an early indi-cator of filter occlusion due to surfactant aerosol therapy (abstract). Respir Care1991;36(11):1279–1280.
119.
MacIntryeNR, ColemanRE, SchullerFS, ZaccardelliD, PattishallE.Efficiency of the delivery of aerosolized artificial surfactant to intu-bated patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (abstract). Am J Respir Crit Care Med1994;149(4, Part 2):A125.