EastTD. Computers in the ICU: panacea or plague?Respir Care1992;37(2):170–180.
2.
MillerG.The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychol Rev1956;63(2):81–97.
3.
EddyDM. Practice policies: where do they come from? In Clinical decision making: from theory to practice (series). JAMA1990;263(9):1265–1275.
4.
LindbergDAB, SchoolmanHM. The National Library of Medicine and medical informatics. West J Med1986;145(6):786–790.
5.
JonesA.Interactive videodisc technology: an overview for respiratory care education. Respir Care1989;34(10):890–901.
6.
Physicians for the twenty-first century: report of the project panel on the general professional education of the physician and college preparation for medicine. J Med Educ1984;59(11, Part 2):1–208.
7.
MullerWJ, HessGD, SchererPW. A model of cigarette smoke particle deposition. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J1990;51(5):245–256.
8.
HessD.The hand-held computer as a teaching tool for acid-base interpretation. Respir Care1984;29(4):375–379.
9.
PincetlP, HofferE, BarnettO.Chest pain, an exercise in problem solving. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Electronic Media, 1988.
IngramD, DickisonA, AhmedM.MacPuf. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
13.
KreitJ, RogersM.Approach to the patient with acute respiratory failure. In: GrenvikA, editor. Textbook of critical care. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1995:680–687.
14.
KacmarekRM, VenegasJ.Mechanical ventilatory rates and tidal volumes. Respir Care1987;32(6):466–478.
15.
MariniJJ. Mechanical ventilation and newer ventilatory techniques. In: BoneRC, editor. Pulmonary and critical care medicine. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book, 1993;2:R:5:1–23.
16.
BazzoliF.Clinical protocols: the next automation frontier. Health Data Manage1995;3(2):31–42.
17.
Office of Technology Assessment. OTA Report summary-identifying health technologies that work: searching for evidence (Publication vol. S/N 052-003-01389-4). Washington: US Government Printing Office, 1994.
18.
American Association for Respiratory Care. Clinical practice guideline: endotracheal suctioning of mechanically ventilated adults and children with artificial airways. Respir Care1993;38(5):500–504.
19.
American Association for Respiratory Care. Clinical practice guideline: humidification during mechanical ventilation. Respir Care1992;37(8):887–890.
20.
American Association for Respiratory Care. Clinical practice guideline: patient-ventilator system checks. Respir Care1992;37(8):882–886.
21.
BarnesT, BoudinK, DurbinC, FluckR, MalinowskiC, American Association for Respiratory Care. Clinical practice guideline: management of airway emergencies. Respir Care1995;40(7):749–760.
22.
CampbellR, BransonR, BurkeW, CovingtonJ, American Association for Respiratory Care. Clinical practice guideline: ventilator circuit changes. Respir Care1994;39(8):797–802.
23.
CampbellR, BransonR, BurkeW, CovingtonJ, American Association for Respiratory Care. Clinical practice guideline: metabolic measurement using indirect calorimetry during mechanical ventilation. Respir Care1994;39(12):1170–1175.
24.
BowerK, BarnhartS, BetitP, HendonB, Masi-LynchJ, WilsonB.American Association for Respiratory Care. Clinical practice guideline: neonatal time-triggered, pressure limited, time-cycled mechanical ventilation. Respir Care1994;39(8):808–816.
25.
McDonaldCJ, OverhageJM. Guidelines you can follow and can trust. An ideal and an example (editorial). JAMA1994;27(11):872–873.
26.
HessD.The AARC clinical practice guidelines. Respir Care1991;36(12):1398–1401.
27.
DavisJT, AllenHD, FelverK, RummellHM, PowersJD, CohenDM. Clinical pathways can be based on acuity, not diagnosis. Ann Thorac Surg1995;59(5):1074–1078.
28.
HollidayJE, HyersTM. The reduction of weaning time from mechanical ventilation using tidal volume and relaxation feedback. Am Rev Respir Dis1990;141(5, Part 1):1214–1220.
29.
AndersonJ, O'BrienM.Challenges for the future: the nurse's role in weaning patients from mechanical ventilation. Intensive Crit Care Nurs1995;11(1):2–5.
30.
WoodG.Weaning from mechanical ventilation: physician-directed vs a respiratory-therapist-directed protocol. Respir Care1995;40:219–224.
31.
BunchD.Respiratory care services find success with protocols. AARC Times1995;19(9):42–46.
32.
DubbsWH, WeberK.AARC survey measures effects of restructuring on respiratory care nationwide. AARC Times1996;20(3):29–40.
33.
SilageDA, MaxwellC.An acid-base map/arterial blood-gas interpretation program for hand-held computers. Respir Care1984;29(8):833–838.
34.
HessD, EitelD.A portable and inexpensive computer system to interpret arterial blood gases. Respir Care1985;31(9):797.
35.
HessD, SilageD, MaxwellC.An arterial blood gas interpretation program for hand-held computers. Respir Care1984;29(7):756–759.
36.
HingstonDM, IrwinRS, PratterMR, DalenJE. A computerized interpretation of arterial pH and blood gas data: do physicians need it?Respir Care1982;27(7):809–815.
37.
GardnerRM, ClemmerTP, MorrisAH. Computerized medical decision-making, an evaluation in acute care. In: PrakashO, editor. Computers in critical care and pulmonary medicine. New York: Plenum Press, 1982;2:147–150.
38.
MooreMJ, BleichHL. Consulting the computer about acid-base disorders. Respir Care1982;(27)7:834–838.
39.
VerdaguerA, PatakA, SanchoJJ, SierraC, SanzF.Validation of the medical expert system PNEUMON-IA. Comput Biomed Res1992;25(6):511–526.
AsadaN, DoiK, MacMahonH, MontnerSM, GigerML, AbeC, WuX.Potential usefulness of an artificial neural network for differential diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases: pilot study. Radiology1990;177(3):857–860.
42.
GovindarajanN, PrakashO.Breath detection algorithm in digital computers. Int J Clin Monit Comput1990;7(1):59–64.
43.
ShahsavarN, GillH, WigertzO, FrostellC, MatellG, LudwigsU.Kave: a tool for knowledge acquisition to support artificial ventilation. Comput Methods Programs Biomed1991;34(2-3):115–123.
44.
PolaschekJ, RutledgeG, AndersenS, FaganL.Using belief networks to interpret qualitative data in the ICU. Respir Care1993;38(1):60–72.
45.
MillerPL. Goal-directed critiquing by computer: ventilator management. Comp Biomed Res1985;18(5):422–438.
46.
MennSJ, BarnettGO, SchnechelD, OwensWD, PontoppidanH.A computer program to assist in the care of acute respiratory failure. JAMA1973;223:308–312.
47.
GrossmanR, HewE, AbermanA.Assessment of the ability to manage patients on mechanical ventilators using a computer model. Acute Care1984;10:95–102.
48.
FaganL, KunzJ, FeigenbaumE, OsbornJ.Representing time-dependent relations in a medical setting (PhD dissertation). Stanford University, 1980.
49.
EastTD, MorrisAH, WallaceCJ, ClemmerTP, OrmeJFJr, WeaverLK, et al. A strategy for development of computerized critical care decision support systems. Int J Clin Monit Comput1991;8(4):263–269.
50.
HendersonS, CrapoRO, WallaceCJ, EastTD, MorrisAH, GardnerRM. Performance of computerized protocols for the management of arterial oxygenation in an intensive care unit. Int J Clin Monit Comput1991;8(4):271–280.
51.
HendersonS, CrapoRO, EastTD, MorrisAH, GardnerRM. Computerized clinical protocols in an intensive care unit; how well are they followed? In: MillerRA, editor. Fourteenth annual symposium on computer applications in medical care. Washington, DC: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1990:284–288.
52.
TongDA. Weaning patients from mechanical ventilation. A knowledge-based system approach. Comput Methods Programs Biomed1991;35(4):267–278.
53.
TongDA. Weaning patients from mechanical ventilation: a knowledge based approach. In: MillerRA, editor. Symposium on computer applications in medical care. Washington, DC: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1990:79–85.
54.
StricklandJHJr, HassonJH. A computer-controlled ventilator weaning system. Chest1991;100(4):1096–1099.
55.
RudowskiR, FrostellC, GillH.A knowledge-based support system for mechanical ventilation of the lungs. The KUSIVAR concept and prototype. Comput Methods Programs Biomed1989;30(1):59–70.
56.
MorrisA, WallaceC, MenloveR, ClemmerTP, OrmeJFJr, WeaverLK, et al. Randomized clinical trial of pressure-controlled inverse ratio ventilation and extracorporeal CO2 removal for adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1994;149(2, Part 1):295–305. See the published erratumAm J Respir Crit Care Med1994;149(3, Part 1):838.
57.
EastTD, BöhmSH, WallaceCJ, ClemmerTP, WeaverLK, OrmeJFJr, MorrisAH. A successful computerized protocol for clinical management of pressure control inverse ratio ventilation in ARDS patients. Chest1992;101(3):697–710.
58.
MorrisA, WallaceC, MenloveR, ClemmerTP, OrmeJFJr, WeaverLK, et al. Randomized clinical trial of pressure-controlled inverse ratio ventilation and extracorporeal CO2 removal for adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1994;149(2, Part 1):295–305. See the published erratumAm J Respir Crit Care Med1994;149(3, Part 1):838.
59.
EastTD, AndrianoKP, PaceNL. Automated measurement of functional residual capacity by sulfur hexafluoride washout. J Clin Monit1987;3(1):14–21.
60.
AndersonJ, EastT, CoombsJ, ClemmerT, OrmeJ, WeaverL.Clinical trial of a nonlinear closed-loop controller for oxygenation during ARDS (abstract). Crit Care Med1994;22(1):A188.
61.
ZapolWM, FrikkerMJ, PontoppidanH, WilsonRS, LynchKE. The adult respiratory distress syndrome at Massachusetts General Hospital, Etiology progression and survival rates, 1978-1988. In: LemairF, ZapolWM, eds. Adult respiratory distress syndrome. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1991:367–380.
62.
ArtigasA, CarletJ, Le GallJR, ChastangCL, BlanchL, FernandezR.Clinical presentation, prognostic factors, and outcome of ARDS in the European collaborative study (1985-1987). In: ZapolWM, LemaireF, eds. Adult respiratory distress syndrome. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc, 1991:37–63. (LenfantC, editor. Lung Biology in Health and Disease; vol. 50).
63.
MorrisAH, WallaceCJ, ClemmerTP, et al. Final report: computerized protocol controlled clinical trial of new therapy which includes ECCO2R for ARDS (abstract). Am Rev Respir Dis1992;145(4):A184.
64.
FruminJR.Clinical use of a physiological respirator producing N2O amnesia-analgesia. Anesthesiology1957;18:290–299.
65.
ThompsonJD. Computerized control of mechanical ventilation: closing the loop. Respir Care1987;32(6):440.
66.
ColesJR, BrownWA, LampardDG. Computer control of respiration and anesthesia. Med Biol Eng1973;11(3):262–267.
67.
RudowskiR, SkretaL, BaehrendtzS, BoklidenA, MatellG.Lung function analysis and optimization during artificial ventilation: a personal computer-based system. Comput Methods Programs Biomed1990;31(1):33–42.
68.
EastTD, WestenskowDR, PaceNL, NelsonLD. A microcomputer based differential lung ventilation system. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng1982;29(11):736–740.
69.
ChapmanFW, NewellJC, RoyRJ. A feedback controller for ventilatory therapy. Ann Biomed Eng1985;13(5):359–372.
70.
VerkaaikAP, van DijkG, WesterkampB, ErdmannW.Gas exchange in the lung, computer feed back controlled physiological matching of artificial ventilation. Adv Exp Med Biol1992;317:325–330.
71.
MorozoffPE, EvansRW. Closed-loop control of SpO2 in the neonate. Biomed Instrum Technol1992;26(2):117–123.
72.
VerkaaikAP, ErdmannW, van DijkG, WesterkampB.On-line oxygen uptake measurement (VO2): a computer feed-back controlled rebreathing circuit for long term oxygen uptake registration. Adv Exp Med Biol1992;316:195–202.
73.
TehraniFT. A microcomputer oxygen control system for ventilatory therapy. Ann Biomed Eng1992;20(5):547–558.
74.
EastTD, in't VeenJC, JonkerTA, PaceNL, McJamesS.Computer-controlled positive end-expiratory pressure titration for effective oxygenation without frequent blood gases. Crit Care Med1988;16(3):252–257.
75.
StricklandJHJr, HassonJH. A computer-controlled ventilator weaning system: a clinical trial. Chest1993;103(4):1220–1226.
76.
EastTD, TolleCR, FarrellRM, BrunnerJX. A non-linear closed-loop controller for oxygenation based on a clinically proven fifth dimensional quality surface (abstract). Crit Care Med1991;19(4):S61.
77.
BeauchampT, ChildressJ.Principles of biomedical ethics, 3 ed. New York: Oxford University Press Inc, 1989.
MolineJN. Professionals and professions: a philosophical examination of an ideal. Soc Sci Med1986;22(5):501–508.
80.
MorrisA.Adult respiratory distress syndrome and new modes of mechanical ventilation: reducing the complications of high volume and high pressure. New Horiz1994;2(1):19–33.
81.
JamesB, EddyD.CPI and practice guidelines. In: HornS, HopkinsD, editors. Clinical practice improvement: a new technology for developing cost-effective quality health care. New York: Faulker & Gray Inc., 1994;1:271.
82.
WhiteK.Foreward. In: PayerL, editor. Medicine and culture. New York: Henry Holt, 1988:9.
83.
HicklingKG, WalshJ, HendersonS, JacksonR.Low mortality rate in adult respiratory distress syndrome using low-volume, pressure-limited ventilation with permissive hypercapnia: a prospective study. Crit Care Med1994;22(10):1568–1578.
84.
TobinM, editor. Principles and practice of mechanical ventilation. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc, 1994.
85.
EastT, MorrisA, WallaceC, ClemmerTP, OrmeJFJr, WeaverLK, et al. A strategy for development of computerized critical care decision support systems. Int J Clin Monit Comput1992;8:263–269.
86.
MorrisA, JamesB.CPI and computerized protocols. In: HornS, HopkinsD, editors. Clinical practice improvement: a new technology for developing cost-effective quality health care. New York: Faulker & Gray Inc, 1994;1:271.
87.
JamesB, HornS, StephensonR.Management by fact: what is CPI and how is it used? In: HornS, HopkinsD, editors. Clinical practice improvement: a new technology for developing cost-effective quality health care. New York: Faulker & Gray Inc, 1994;1:39–54.
88.
MorrisA.Paradigms in management. In: PinskyM, DhainautJ, editors. Pathophysiologic foundations of critical care medicine. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1993:193–206.
89.
ChalmersTC. A belated randomized control trial. Pediatrics1990;85(3):366–369.
90.
SilvermanW.Human experimentation: a guided step into the unknown. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1985.
91.
The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial II Investigators. Effect of the antiarrhythmic agent moricizine on survival after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med1992;327(4):227–233.
92.
SilvermanW.Doing more good than harm. Ann NY Acad Sci1993;703:5–11.
93.
TruogR.Randomized clinical trials: lessons from ECMO. Clin Res1992;40(3):519–527.