Although oral and injectable drug formulations still dominate the market, interest in pulmonary delivery has been rising steadily. Given patients' desire for an alternative to injections, and recent advances in aerosol science and pulmonary medicine, the potential for improved disease management outcomes by using aerosols for systemic drug delivery should lead the way for a shift to inhalables.
CostaB, EstopaA, BorrasJ, SabateA.[Diabetes and pharmacoeco-nomics: efficiency of insulin injection methods available in Spain]. Aten Primaria1995;16(7):391–396. (article in Spanish)
2.
IllumL, FischerAN. Intranasal delivery of peptides and proteins. In: AdjeiAL, GuptaPK, editors. Inhalation delivery of therapeutic peptides and proteins. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1997: 135–184.
3.
PattonJS. Mechanisms of macromolecule absorption by the lungs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev1996;19:3–36.
4.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices, 1992-1993. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; 1993: 29.
5.
MackayM, PhillipsJ, StewardA, HastewellJ.Pulmonary absorption of therapeutic peptides and proteins. In: ByronP, editor. Respiratory Drug Delivery IV conference proceedings. University of Virginia1994:31–37.
6.
AdjejiAL, GuptaPK, editors. Inhalation delivery of therapeutic peptides and proteins. New York: Marcel Dekker: 1997.
7.
NivenRW. Delivery of biotherapeutics by inhalation aerosol. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst1995;12(2-3):151–231.
8.
AdjeiA, GuptaP.Pulmonary delivery of therapeutic peptides and proteins. J Controlled Release1994;29:361–373.
9.
ByronPR, PattonJS. Drug delivery via the respiratory tract. J Aerosol Med1994;7(1):49–75.
10.
PattonJS, PlatzRM. Pulmonary delivery of peptides and proteins for systemic action. Adv Drug Deliv Rev1992;8:179–228.
11.
WardJJ, HessDR, HelmholzHFJr.. Humidity and aerosol therapy. In: BurtonJG, HodgkinJE, WardJJ, editors. Respiratory care: a guide to clinical practice, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1997:421–468.
12.
ByronPR. Prediction of drug residence times in regions of the human respiratory tract following aerosol inhalation. J Pharm Sci1986;75:433–438.
13.
LalorCB, HickeyAJ. Generation and characterization of aerosols for drug delivery to the lungs. In: AdjeiAL, GuptaPK, editors. Inhalation delivery of therapeutic peptides and proteins. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1997:235–276.
14.
O'RiordanTG, PalmerLB, SmaldoneGC. Aerosol deposition in mechanically ventilated patients: optimizing nebulizer delivery. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1994;149(1):214–219.
15.
PattonJS, PlatzRM. Aerosol insulin: a brief review. In: ByronP, editor. Respiratory Drug Delivery IV conference proceedings. University of Virginia1994:65–74.
16.
ColthorpeP, FarRSJ, TaylorG, SmithIJ, WyattD.The pharmacokinetics of pulmonary-delivered insulin: a comparison of intratracheal and aerosol administration to the rabbit. Pharm Res1992;9(6):764–768.
17.
PattonJ, BukarJ, NagarajanS.Inhaled insulin. Adv Drug Deliv Rev1999;35:235–247.
18.
HubbardRC, BrantlyML, SellersSE, MitchellME, CrystalRG. Anti-neutrophil-elastase defenses of the lower respiratory tract in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency directly augmented with an aerosol of alpha 1-antitrypsin. Ann Intern Med1989;111(3):206–212.
19.
PattonJS, McCabeJG, HansenSE, DaughertyAL. Absorption of human growth hormone from the rat lung. Biotechnol Ther1989-90;1(3):213–228.
20.
ColthorpeP, FarrSJ, SithIJ, WyattD, TaylorG.The influence of regional deposition on the pharmacokinetics of pulmonary-delivered human growth hormone in rabbits. Pharm Res1995;12(3):356–359.
21.
MartinRJ, BoguniewiczM, HensonJE, CelnikerAC, WilliamsM, GiornoRC, LeungDYM. The effects of inhaled interferon gamma in normal human airways. Am Rev Respir Dis1993;148(6 Pt 1):1677–1682.
22.
PattonJS, TrincheroP, PlatzRM. Bioavailability of pulmonary delivery peptides and proteins: alpha-interferon, calcitonins and parathyroid hormone. J Controlled Release1994;28:79–85.
23.
NivenRW, WhitcombKL, ShanerL, IpAY, KinstlerOB. The pulmonary absorption of aerosolized and intratrachealy instilled rhG-CSF and monoPEGylated rhG-CSF. Pharm Res1995;12(9):1343–1349.
24.
NivenRW, FD, CribbsJM. Pulmonary absorption of recombinant methionyl human granulocyte colony stimulation factor (r-huG-CSF) after intratracheal instillation to the hamster. Pharm Res1993;10(11):1604–1610.
25.
NivenRW, FD, IpAY, CribbsJM. Pulmonary delivery of powders and solutions containing recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) to the rabbit. Pharm Res1994;11(8):1101–1109.
26.
AdjeiAL, CarriganPJ. Pulmonary bioavailability of LH-RH analogs: Some biopharmaceutical guidelines. J Biopharm Sci1992;3(1-2):247–254.
