The authors of this literature review find that empirical research on unions' political activity since World War II has failed to answer many important questions. Not only have researchers neglected some issues outright, but disparate data sources and statistical methods, lack of a guiding theory, inconsistent findings, and hidden normative assumptions about the propriety of unions' political involvement limit the generalizability of reported results. The review nevertheless confirms that union members and leaders often differ in political orientation, though the extent of disagreement varies across political issues. Also, unions apparently have been more successful at achieving political objectives only weakly supported by their members than at achieving the objectives their members strongly support.
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