The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence, antecedents, and consequences of work-family conflict among employed women and men in Finland. The data were obtained by questionnaire from a sample of 501 employees working in four organizations. The results showed that work-family conflict was more prevalent than family-work conflict among both sexes, but that there were no gender differences in experiencing either work-family or family-work conflict. Family-work conflict was best explained by family domain variables (e.g., number of children living at home) for both sexes, and work-family conflict by work domain variables (e.g., full-time job, poor leadership relations) among the women, and by high education and high number of children living at home among the men. Family-work conflict had negative consequences on family well-being, and work-family conflict, in particular, on occupational well-being. The findings suggest that in particular improvements in working life are needed to prevent problems in the work-family interface.
ARYEE, S.Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflicts among married professional women: Evidence from Singapore. Human Relations, 1992, 54, 813-837.
2.
ASHFORD, S., LEE, C., & BOBKO, P.Content, causes and consequences of job insecurity: A theory-based measure and substantive test. Academy of Management Journal, 1989, 32803-829.
3.
BRETT, J. M., & YOGEV, S.Restructuring work for family. How dual-earner couples with children manage?Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 1985, 3, 159-174.
4.
CANFIELD, K. R., SCHUMM, W. R., SWIHARr, J. J., & EGGERICHS, E. E.Factorial validity of brief satisfaction scales in surveys of Mormon, Roman Catholic, and Protestant fathers. Psychological Reports, 1990, 67, 1319-1322.
5.
DEKKR, S., & SCHAUFELI, W.The effects of job insecurity on psychological health and withdrawal: A longitudinal study. Australian Psychologist, 1995, 30, 57-63.
6.
DUXBURY, L., HIGGINS, C., & LEE, C.Work-family conflict. A comparison by gender, family type, and perceived control. Journal of Family Issues, 1994, 15, 449-466.
7.
FOWERS, B. J., & OLSON, D. H.Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale: A brief research and clinical tool. Journal of Family Psychology, 1993, 7, 176-185.
8.
FRONE, M. R., RUSSELL, M., & BARNES, G. M.Work-family conflict, gender, and health-related outcomes: A study of employed parents in two community samples. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1996, 157-69.
9.
FRONE, M. R., RUSSELL, M., & COOPER, M. L.Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: Rsting a model of the work-family interface. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1992, 77, 65-78. (a)
10.
FRONE, M. R., RUSSELL, M., & COOPER, M. L.Prevalence of work-family conflict: Are work and family boundaries asymmetrically permeable?Journal of Organizational Behavior, 1992, 13, 723-729. (b)
11.
GERRIS, J. R. M., VERMULST, A. A., VAN BOXTEL, D. A. A. M., JANSSENS, J. M. A. M., VAN ZUTPHEN, R. A. H., & FELLING, A. J. A.Parenting in Dutch families: A representative description of Dutch family life in terms of validated concepts representing characteristics of parents, children, the family as a system and parental socio-cultural value orientations. Institute of Family Studies, University of Nijmegen, 1993.
12.
GREENBERGER, E., & O'NEIL, R.Spouse, parent, worker: Role commitments and role related experiences in the construction of adults' well-being. Developmental Psychology, 1993, 29, 181-197.
13.
GREENHALGH, L.Maintaining organizational effectiveness during organizational retrenchment. Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences, 1982, 18, 155-170.
14.
GREENHAUS, J. H., & BEUTELL, N. J.Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 1985, 10, 76-88.
15.
GUTEK, B. A., SEARLE, S., & KLEPA, L.Rational versus gender role explanations for work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1991, 76, 560-568.
16.
HIGGINS, C., & DUXBURY, L.Work-family conflict: A comparison of dual-career and traditional-career men. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 1992, 13, 389-411.
17.
HIGGINS, C., DUXBURY, L., & IRVING, R.Work-family conflict in the dual-career family. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1992, 51, 51-75.
18.
HUGHES, D., & GALINSKY, E.Work experiences and marital interactions: Elaborating the complexity of work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 1994, 15423-438.
19.
IZRAELI, D. N.Work/family conflict among women and men in dual-career couples in Israel. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 1993, 8, 371-385.
20.
JACOBSON, D.The conceptual approach to job insecurity. In J. Hartley, D. Jacobson, B. Klandermans, and T van Vuuren (Eds.), Job insecurity: Coping with jobs at risk. London: Sage, 1991, pp. 23-39.
21.
JOHNSON, C. D., MESSE, L. A., & CRANO, W. D.Predicting job performance of low income workers: The work opinion questionnaire. Personnel Psychology, 1984, 37, 291-299.
22.
KINNUNEN, U., & NATTI, J.Job insecurity in Finland: Antecedents and consequences. European Work and Organizational Psychologist, 1994, 4, 297-321.
23.
KIRCHMEYER, C.Managing the work-nonwork boundary: An assessment of organizational responses. Human Relations, 1995, 48515-536.
24.
LARSON, J. H., WILSON, S. M., & BELEY, R.The impact of job insecurity on marital and family relationships. Family Relations, 1994, 43138-143.
25.
LENNON, M. C., & ROSENFIELD, S.Women and mental health: The interaction of job and family conditions. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 1992, 33, 316-327.
26.
LEWIS, S., & COOPER, C. L.Balancing the work/home interface: A European perspective. Human Resource Management Review, 1995, 5289-305.
27.
LOERCH, K. J., RUSSELL, J. E. A., & RUSH, M. C.The relationship among family domain variables and work-family conflict for men and women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1989, 35, 288-308.
28.
MacEWEN, K. E., & BARLING, J.Daily consequences of work interference with family and family interference with work. Work and Stress, 1994, 8, 244-254.
29.
MASLACH, C., & JACKSON, S.The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 1981, 2, 99-113.
30.
NIEMI, I.Perheiden ajankaytto [Use of time in families]. In Suomalainen perhe [Finnish family]. Helsinki: Tilastokeskus, 1994, pp. 161-165.
31.
PLECK, J.Are family-supportive employer policies relevant to men? In J. C. Hood (Ed.), Men, work and family. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1993, pp. 217-237.
32.
THOMAS, L. T., & GANSTER, D. C.Impact of family-supportive work variables on work-family conflict and strain: A control perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1995, 80, 6-15.
33.
VEIKKOLA, E. S., & LEHTINIEMI, A. (Eds.) Naiset ja miehet Suomessa [Women and men in Finland]. SVT, Elinolot 1994: 2. Helsinki: Tilastokeskus, 1994.
34.
VOYDANOFF, P.Work role characteristics, family structure demands, and work/family conflict. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1988, 50749-761.
35.
VAN VUUREN, T., KLANDERMANS, B., JACOBSON, D., & HARTLEY, J.Employees' reactions to job insecurity. In J. Hartley, D. Jacobson, B. Klandermans, and T van Vuuren (Eds.), Job insecurity: Coping with jobs at risk. London: Sage, 1991, pp. 65-78.
36.
WARR, P.The measurement of well-being and other aspects of mental health. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 1990, 63193-210.
37.
WILEY, D. L.The relationship between work/nonwork role conflict and job-related outcomes: Some unanticipated findings. Journal of Management, 1987, 13467-472.
