This article explores the relationships among time, organizational, and national cultural distance in an international joint venture setting. More particularly, the extent to which the longevity of an international joint venture affects the intensity of its cultural differences, is investigated in a sample of 51 international joint ventures set up in Hungary. It addresses certain mechanisms available to an international joint venture's managers and to its partners to deal with cross-cultural issues. The results suggest that the temporal dimension is a cultural moderator of prime importance, but to be totally effective, it must be combined with a willful strategy of cultural integration.
ADLER, N.International dimensions of organizational behavior. Boston: Kent Publishing Company , 1986.
2.
AMADIEU, J. F.Organizations et travail. Cooperation, conflict et marchandage. Paris: Editions Vuibert,1993.
3.
ANDERSON, E.Two Frims, one Frontier: On Assessing Joint Venture Performance . Sloan Management Review, Winter 1990, 19-30 .
4.
BASIRD, I. S. , LYLES, M. A. , & WHARTON, R.Attitudinal differences between American and Chinese managers regarding joint venture management . Management International Review, 1990, 30 (Special issue), 53-69 .
5.
BEAMISH, P.The characteristics of joint ventures in developed and Developing countries . Columbia Journal of World Business, Fall 1985, 13-19 .
6.
BEAMISH, P.Joint ventures in LDCS: Partner selection and performance . Management International Review, 1987, 27(1), 23-37 .
7.
BEAMISH, P.Multinational joint ventures in developing counties. New York: Routledge , 1988.
8.
BLEEKE, J. , & ERNST, D.The way to win in cross-border alliances . Macinsey Quarterly, 1992, 1, 113-133 .
9.
BOGDAN, J., GLOBOKART, T., & D'IRIBARNE, P. Fonctionnement des organisations et cultures nationales dans une industrie à processus continu. In P. Dubois, J. Koltay, C. Mako, and X Richet (Eds.), Innovation et emploi a l'Est et a l'Ouest. Paris: L'harmattan, 1990.
10.
BUONO, A. , & BOWDITCH, J.The human side of mergers and acquisitions-Managing collisions between people cultures and organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers , 1989.
11.
CAMERON, K. , & FREEMAN, S.Cultural Congruence, Strength and Type: Relationship to Effetiveness. Working Paper, Graduate School of Business Administration, University of Michigan , 1988.
12.
CHILD, J. , & MARKOCZY, L.Host-Country managerial behaviour and learning in Chinese and Hungarian joint ventures . Journal of Management Studies, 1993, 30(4), 611-631 .
CRONBACH, L. J.Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests . Psychometrika, September 1951, 297-334 .
15.
DEAL, T. , & KENNEDY, A.Corporate cultures: The rites and rituals of corporate lifeReading: Addison-Wesley , 1982.
16.
FISCHER, K. , & SOMODY, I.A case history: Setting up a joint venture in Hungary . International Review of Strategic Managemen41992, 3, 239-251 .
17.
GANITSKY, J. , & WATZKE, G. E.Implications of different time perspectives for human resources management in international joint ventures . Management International Review, 1990, 30 (Special issue), 37-51 .
18.
GERINGER, J. , & FRAYNE, C.Human resource management and international joint venture control: A parent company perspective . Management International Review, 1990, 30 (Special issue), 103-120 .
19.
GLOBOKAR, T.The Role of Culture in the Reconstruction of Enterprises in East and Central European Countries . Conference of the Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economic, HEC, Jouy-en-Josas, July 1994.
20.
GWIAZDA, A.Eastern Europe is ripe for joint ventures . European Affairs, 1990, 4, 38-40 .
21.
GOMES-CASSERES, B.Joint venture instability: Is it a problem?Columbia Journal of World Business Summer 1987, 97-101 .
22.
HOESTEDE, G. La réintégration de l'Europe de l'Est dans la famille des nations. Intercultures, 1992, 18, 35-42.
23.
IVANIER, D. Qui se soucie encore de la nationalité des entreprises? Annales des Muies-Grer et Comprendre, Septembre 1992, 28, 42-53.
24.
JOHNSON, J. , CULLEN, J. , & SAKANO, T.Cultural Congruency in International Joint Ventures: Does It Matter?Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference of the Eastern Academy of Management, Nice-Sophia Antipolis, June 1991, pp. 59-62 .
25.
KILMANN, R. , SAXTON, M. J. , & SERPA, R.Gaininbg control of the corporate culture. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers , 1985.
26.
KOGUT, B.Joint ventures: A review and preliminary investigation. In F. Contractor , and P. Lorange , (Eds.), Cooperative strategies in international business. Lexington: D.C. Heath , 1987.
27.
LANE, H. , & DiSTEFANO, J. J.International management behavior. From policy to practice. Scarborough Ontario: Nelson Canada , 1988.
28.
LANE, H. , & BEAMISH, P.Cross-Cultural cooperative behavior in joint ventures in LDCs . Management International Review, 1990, 30 (Special issue), 87-102 .
29.
MAURICE, M. , SORGE, A. , & WARNER, M.Societal differences in organizing manufacturing units: A comparison of France, West Germany and Great Britain . Organization Studies, 1980, 1(1), 59-86 .
30.
MAURICE, M.SELLIER, F. , & SILVESTRE, J-J.Analyse societale et cultures nationales: Réponse à Philippe d'Iribarne . Revue Française de Sociologie, 1992, 33, 75-86 .
31.
MESCHI, P.-X. , & ROGER, A.Cultural context and social effectiveness in international joint ventures . Management International Review, 1994, 3(34), 197-215 .
32.
NADLER, D. A. & TUSHMAN, M.A congruence model for organizational assessment. In E. E. Lawler , D. A. Nadler , and C. Camman (Eds.), Organizational assessment: Perspectives on the measurement of organizational behavior and the quality of working life. New York: Wiley , 1980.
33.
NAHANVANDI, A. , & MALEKZADEH, A.Acculturation in mergers and acquisitions . Academy of Management Review, 1988, 13(1), 79-90 .
34.
OHMAE, K.The global logic of strategic alliances . Harvard Business Review, March-April 1989, 143-154 .
35.
OLIE, R.Shades of culture and institutions in international mergers . Organization Studies, 1994, 15(3), 381-405 .
36.
PERLMUTIER, H. V. , & HENNAN, D. A.Cooperate to compete globally . Harvard Business Review, March-April 1986, 136-152 .
37.
SATHE, V.Implications of corporate culture: A manager's guide to action . Organizational Dynamics, Autumn 1983, 5-23 .
38.
SATHE, V.Culture and related corporate realities. Homewood: Irwin , 1985.
39.
SCHEIN, E. H.Coming to a new awareness of organizational culture . Sloan Management Review, 1984, 25(2), 3-16 .
40.
TAYEB, M.Organizations and national culture: Methodology considered . Organization Studies, 1994, 15(3), 429-446 .
41.
TURNER, I.Joint ventures in Eastern Europe . Manager Update, 1991, 2(4), 1-11 .
42.
WALCZAK, D.Traditional and Participative Management Styles in American-Hungarian Equity Joint Ventures . Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference of the Eastern Academy of Management, Nice-Sophia Antipolis, June 1991, 109-112 .
43.
WILKINS, A. L. , & BRISTOW, N. J.For successful organizational culture, honor your past . Academy of Management Executive41987, 1(3), 221-228 .
44.
WILKINS, A. L. , & OUCHI, W. G.Efficient cultures: Exploring the relationship between culture and organizational performance . Administrative Science Quarterly, 1983, 28, 468-481 .
45.
ZEIRA, Y. , & SHENKAR, O.Interactive and specific parent characteristics: Implications for management and human resources in international joint ventures . Management International Review, 1990, 30 (Special issue), 7-22 .
46.
ZAHRA, S. , & ELHAGRASEY, G.Strategic management of international joint ventures . European Management Journal, 1994, 12(1), 83-93 .
