This paper identifies theoretical parallels between Keidel's triadic sports-model framework and several other constructs from the literatures on organization, strategy/planning, structure, and style/culture. It is argued that the sports models as a set offer a potentially unifying conceptual framework, because these models embody generic patterns of part. part and part:whole relations. Three possible relations among triadic elements are identified and found to be reflected in the sports-model framework. Research implications of this framework are discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
ABERNATHY, W. J., & UTTERBACK, J.A dynamic model of product and process innovation. Omega1975, 3(6), 639-657.
2.
ACKOFF, R. L.Redesigning the future. New York: Wiley, 1974.
3.
ACKOFF, R. L., FINNEL, E. V., & GHARAJEDAGHI, J.A guide to controlling your own corporation's future. New York: Wiley, 1983.
4.
ALLEN, M. P., PANIAN, S. K., & LOTZ, R. E.Managerial succesion and organizational performance: A recalcitrant problem revisited. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1979, 24, 167-180.
5.
ANSOFF, H. I.Strategic management. London: The Macmillan Press, 1979.
6.
AXELROD, R.The evolution of cooperation. New York: Basic Books, 1984.
7.
BENNIS, W., & NANUS, B.Leaders: the strategies for taking charge. New York: Harper & Row, 1985.
8.
BLAKE, R. R., & MOUTON, J. S.Building a dynamic corporation through grid organization development. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1969.
9.
BOULDING, K. E.General systems theory-the skeleton of science. Management Science, 1956, 2(3), 197-208.
10.
BOULDING, K. E.Ecodynamics: A new theory of societal evolution. Beverly Hills, California: Sage, 1978.
11.
BRADFORD, D. L., & COHEN, A. R.Managing excellence. New York: Wiley, 1984.
HUSEMAN, R. C., & ALEXANDER, E. R., III Communication and the managerial function: A contingency approach. In R. C. Huseman and A. B. Carroll (Eds.), Readings in organizational behavior: Dimensions of management actions. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1979, pp. 326-335.
35.
KANTOR, R. E.Psychological theories and social groupings. Menlo Park, California: SRI International, 1969.
36.
KEIDEL, R. W.Baseball, football, and basketball: Models for business. Organizational Dynamics, Winter 1984, 5-18.
37.
KEIDEL, R. W.Game plans: Sports strategies for business. New York: Dutton, 1985.
38.
KEIDEL, R. W.The soccer-basketball connection. The New York Times, July 17, 1986, A22-A22.
39.
KERR, J. L.Diversification strategies and managerial rewards: An empirical study. Academy of Management Journal, 1985, 28, 155-179.
40.
KOTTER, J. P.Power and influence. New York: Free Press, 1985.
41.
LAWRENCE, P. R., & DYER, D.Renewing American industry. New York: Free Press, 1983.
42.
McCASKEY, M. B.The executive challenge: Managing change and ambiguity. Marshfield, Massachusetts: Pitman, 1982.
43.
McGREGOR, D.The human side of enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960.
44.
MILES, R. E., & SNOW, C. C.Organizational strategy, structure, and process. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978.
45.
MILES, R. E., & SNOW, C. C.Designing strategic human resources systems. Organizational Dynamics, Summer 1984, 36-52.
46.
MILLER, D., & FRIESEN, P. H.Organizations: A quantum view. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1984.
47.
MILLS, P. K., HALL, J. L., LEIDECKER, J. K., & MARGULIES, N.Flexiform: A model for professional service organizations. Academy of Management Review, 1983, 8, 118-131.
48.
MINTZBERG, H.Strategy making in three modes. California Management Review, Winter 1973, 15(2), 44-53.
49.
MINTZBERG, H.The structuring of organizations. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1979.
50.
MINTZBERG, H., & McHUGH, A.Strategy formation in an adhocracy. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1985, 30,(2), 160-197.
51.
MITCHELL, A.The nine American lifestyles. New York: Warner Books, 1983.
52.
OUCHI, W. G.A conceptual framework for the design of organizational control mechanisms. Management Science, 1979, 25,(9), 833-848.
53.
OUCHI, W. G.Markets, bureaucracies, and clans. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1980, 25(1), 129-141.
54.
OUCHI, W. G.The M-form society: How American teamwork can recapture the competitive edge. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1984.
55.
PASCARELLI, P.Power: The world series ticket. Inside Sports, November 1983, 42-48.
56.
PERLMUTTER, H. V.Building the symbiotic societal enterprise: A social architecture for the future. World Futures, 1984, 19, 271-284.
57.
PETERS, T. J., & WATERMAN, R. H., Jr.In search of excellence: Lessons from America's best-run companies. New York: Harper & Row, 1982.
58.
PFEFFER, J., & DAVIS-BLAKE, A.Administrative succession and organizational performance: How administrator experience mediates the succesion effect. Academy of Management journal, 1986, 29, 72-83.
59.
PONDY, L. R., & MITROFF, I. I.Beyond open systems models of organization. In B. M. Staw (Ed.), Research in organizational behavior. Greenwood, Connecticut: JAI Press, 1979, pp. 3-39.
60.
PORTER, M. E.Competitive strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors. New York: Free Press, 1980.
61.
PORTER, M. E.Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance. New York: Free Press, 1985.
62.
ROSCH, E.Human categorization. In N. Warren (Ed.), Advances in cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 1). New York: Academic Press, 1977, pp. 1-49.
63.
SCHEIN, E. H.Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1985.
64.
SCHWARTZ, P., & OGILVY, J.The emergent paradigm: Changing patterns of thought and belief. Menlo Park, California: SRI International, 1979.
65.
SCOTT, W. R.Organizations: Rational, natural, and open systems. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1981.
66.
SEGAL, M.Organization and environment: A typology of adaptability and structure. Public Administration Review, 1974, 34, 212-220.
67.
SHAW, M. E.Communication skills and styles. Westport, Connecticut: Educational Systems and Designs, 1984.
68.
SHOSTRON, E. L.Personality orientation inventory. San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing Services, 1969.
69.
SMIRCICH, L., & STUBBART, C.Strategic management in an enacted world. Academy of Management Review, 1985, 10, 724-736.
70.
SUSMAN, G. I.Autonomy at work: A sociotechnical analysis of participative management. New York: Praeger, 1976.
71.
TERKEL, S.Working. New York: Pantheon, 1972.
72.
THOMPSON, J. D.Organizations in action. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967.
73.
TRIST, E. L.Action research and adaptive planning. In A W. Clark (Ed.), Experimenting with organizational life. London: Plenum, 1976, pp. 223-236.
74.
TRIST, E. L., & BAMFORTH, K. W.Some social and psychological consequences of the longwall method of coal-getting. Human Relations, 1951, 4, 3-38.
75.
TRIST, E. L., HIGGIN, G. W., MURRAY, H., & POLLOCK, A. B.Organizational choice. London: Tavistock, 1963.
76.
TUAN, Y.Personal communication with H. Cleveland. In H. Cleveland, The knowledge executive. New York: Dutton, 1985, p. 231-231.
77.
TUCHMAN, B.Mankind's better moments. Wilson Quarterly, Autumn 1980, 96-105.
78.
UPDIKE, J.Hub fans bid kid adieu. The New YorkerOctober 22, 1960, (Reprinted in H. Siner (Ed.), Sports Classics New York: Coward-McCann) pp. 197-208.
79.
VANCIL, R. F.Decentralization: Managerial ambiguity by design. Homewood, Illinois: Dow Jones-Irwin, 1978.
80.
WALTON, R. E.Work innovations in the United States. Harvard Business Review, July-August 1979, 88-98.
81.
WALTON, R. E.From control to commitment in the workplace. Harvard Business Review, March-April 1985, 76-84.
82.
WOODWARD, J.Industrial organization: Theory and practice. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
83.
ZUBOFF, S.Automate/informate: The two faces of intelligent technology. Organizational Dynamics, Autumn 1985, 5-18.
