The present study examined the clustering of nations using different clustering methods. Organizational attitudes and perceptions of 1768 managers from IS Western nations employed by a multinational corporation were surveyed. Divergent results were found and are discussed in terms of reconciling these differences, the need for additional research comparing competitive and alternative interpretations of Smallest Space Analysis (SSA), and the use of independent and objective methods, e.g., cluster analysis.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
ANDERBERG, M.Cluster analysis for applications. New York: Academic Press , 1973.
2.
BADAWY, M.Managerial attitudes and need orientations of mid-eastern executives: An empirical cross cultural analysis . Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, 1979.
3.
BARRETT, G. , & BASS, B.Cross-cultural issues in industrial and organizational psychology. In M. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, New York: Rand McNally , 1976.
4.
BASS, B. , & BURGER, P.Assessment of managers: An international comparison. New York: Free Press , 1979.
5.
BHAGAT, R. , & McQUAID, S.Role of subjective culture in organizations: A review and directions for future research . Journal of Applied Psychology, 1982, 67, 653-685 .
6.
BLASHFIELD, R.Mixture model tests of cluster analysis: Accuracy of four agglomerative hierarchical methods . Psychological Bulletin, 1976, 83, 377-388 .
7.
BORG, I.Some basic concepts of facet theory. In J. Lingoes (ED.), Geometric representations of relational data. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Mathesis Press , 1979.
8.
BORGEN, F. , & WEISS, D.Cluster analysis in counseling research . Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1971, 18, 583-591 .
9.
BRISLIN, R. , LONNER, W. , & THORNDIKE, R.Cross-cultural research methods. New York: Wiley , 1973.
10.
BURTON, M.Semantic dimensions of occupation names. In A. Romney , R. Shepard , & S. Nerlove (Eds.), Multidimensional scaling (Vol. 11) New York: Seminar Press , 1972.
11.
CATTELL, R.The scientific use of factor analysis. New York: Plenum Press , 1978.
12.
CLARK, A. , & McCABE, S.The motivation and satisfaction of Australian managers . Personnel Psychology, 1972, 1972, 625-638 .
13.
COXON, A.The user's guide to multidimensional scaling. Exeter, New Hampshire: Heinemann Educational Books , 1982.
14.
CRONBACH, L. , & GLESER, G.Assessing similarity between profiles . Psychological Bulletin, 1953, 50, 456-473 .
FOX, J.Selective aspects of measuring resemblance for taxonomy. In H. Hudson & Associates (Eds.), Classifying social data. San Francisco, California: Jossy-Bass , 1982.
17.
GNANADESIKAN, R.Methods for statistical data analysis of multivariate observations. New York: John Wiley & Sons , 1977.
18.
GOMEZ-MEJIA, L.Effect of occupation and work group on task related, contextual, and job involvement orientation . Proceedings of the 43th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, 1983.
19.
GORSUCH, R.Factor analysis. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: W. B. Saunders Co. , 1974.
GUTTMAN, L.A general non-metric technique for finding the smallest coordinate space for a configuration of points . Psychometrika, 1968, 33, 461-469 .
22.
GUTTMAN, L.What is not what in statistics . The statistician, 1976, 26, 81-107 .
23.
HAIRE, M. , GHISELLI, E. , & PORTER, L.Managerial thinking: An international study. New York: John Wiley & Sons , 1966.
24.
HARMON, H.Modern Factor analysis. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press , 1976.
25.
HEENAN, D. , & REYNOLDS, C.RPO's: A step toward global human resources management . California Management Review, 1975, 18(1), 5-9 .
26.
HOFSTEDE, G.Nationality and espoused values of managers . Journal of Applied Psychology, 1976, 61, 148-155 .
27.
HOFSTEDE, G.Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications , 1980. (a)
28.
HOFSTEDE, G.Motivation, leadership, and organization: Do American theories apply abroad?Organizational Dynamics, 1980, 9, 42-63 . (b)
29.
IVANCEVICH, J. , & BAKER, J.A comparative study of the satisfaction of domestic United States managers and overseas United States managers . Academy of Management Journal, 1970, 13, 69-70 .
30.
JACKSON, B.Multivariate data analysis. Homewood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin , 1983.
31.
KARNI, E. , & LEVIN, J.The use of smallest space analysis in studying scale structure . Journal of Applied Psychology, 1972, 56, 341-346 .
32.
KIRCHNER, W. K. Personal communication, June 3, 1981.
33.
KRAMPF, R. , & WILLIAMS, J.Multidimensional scaling as a research tool: An exploration and application . Journal of Business Research, 1974, 2, 157-175 .
34.
KRAUT, A.Some recent advances in cross-national management research . Academy of Management Journal, 1975, 18, 538-549 .
35.
KRUSKAL, J.Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric hypothesis . Psychometrika, 1964, 29, 15-21 .
36.
KRUSKAL, J. , & WISH, M.Multidimensional scaling. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications , 1978.
37.
KUIPER, F. , & FISHER, L.A Monte Carlo comparison of six clustering procedures . Biometrics, 1975, 31, 771-783 .
38.
LEE, Y. , & LARWOOD, L.The socialization of expartiate managers in multinational firms . Academy of Management Journal, 1983, 26, 657-665 .
39.
LINGOES, J.An IBM-7090 program for Guttman-Lingoes smallest space analysis-l . Behavioral Science, 1965, 10, 183-184 .
40.
LINGOES, J.The Guttman-Lingoes nonmetric program series. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Mathesis Press , 1973.
41.
LINGOES, J.Testing regional hypotheses in multidimensional scaling . Paper presented at the Second International Symposium on Data Analysis and Informatics, Versailles, France, October, 1979. (a)
42.
LINGOES, J.Identifying regions in the space for interpretation. In J. Lingoes (Ed.), Geometric representations of relational data. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Mathesis Press , 1979. (b)
43.
LINGOES, J. Personal communication, January 24, 1984.
44.
LINGOES, J. , & GUTTMAN, L.Nonmetric factor analysis: A rank reducing alternative to linear factor analysis . Psychometrika, 1967, 2, 485-505 .
45.
MEZZICH, J.Comparing cluster analytic methods. In H. Hudson & Associates (Eds.), Classifying social data. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass , 1982.
46.
MILLER, E.The international selection decision: A study of some dimensions of managerial behavior in the selection decision process . Academy of Management Journal, 1973, 16, 239-252 .
47.
MOBLEY, W. , & RAMSEY, R.Hierarchical clustering on the basis of inter-job similarity as a tool in validity generalization . Personnel Psychology, 1973, 26, 213-225 .
48.
NAPIOR, D.Nonmetric multidimensional techniques for summated ratings. In R. Shepard , A. Romney , & S. Nerlove (Eds.), Multidimensional scaling (Vol. 1), New York: Seminar Press , 1972.
49.
NEWMAN, J.,BHATT, B. , & GUTTERIDGE, T.Determinant of expatriate effectiveness: A theoretical and empirical vacuum . Academy of Management Review, 1978, 3, 655-660 .
50.
NUNNALLY, J.Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill , 1978.
51.
PRASAD, S. , & SHETTY, Y.An introduction to multinational management. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall , 1976.
52.
REHFUSS, J.Management development and the selection of overseas executives . Personnel Administrator, 1982, 27, 35-43 .
53.
ROBERTS, K. , & BOYACIGILLER, N.Cross-national organizational research: The grasp of the blind man. In B. Staw & L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior (Vol. 6). Greenwich, Connecticut: JAI Press , 1984.
54.
RONEN, S.Cross-national study of employees' work goals . International Review of Applied Psychology, 1979, 28, 1-12 .
55.
RONEN, S.Applying nonmetric multivariate analysis cross-cultural research . Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, New York, 1982.
56.
RONEN, S. , & KRAUT, A.Similarities among countries based on employee work values and attitudes . Columbia Journal of World Business, 1977, 12, 89-96 .
57.
RONEN, S. , KRAUT, A. , LINGOES, J. , & ARANYA, N.A nonmetric scaling approach to taxonomies of employees work motivation . Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1979, 14, 387-400 .
58.
SHEPARD, R.A taxonomy of some principal types of data and of multidimensional methods for their analysis. In R. Shepard , A. Romney , & S. Nerlove (Eds.), Multidimensional scaling (Vol. 1). New York: Seminar Press , 1972.
59.
SIROTA, D. , & GREENWOOD, M.Understand your overseas work force . Harvard Business Review, 1971, 49, 53-60 .
60.
SLOCUM, J.A comparative study of the satisfaction of American and Mexican operatives . Academy of Management Journal, 1971, 14, 89-97 .
61.
SLOCUM, J. , TOPICHAK, P. , & KUHN, D.A cross-cultural study of need satisfaction and need satisfaction and need importance for operative employees . Personal Psychology, 1971, 24, 435-445 .
62.
TORNOW, W. , & PINTO, P.The development of a managerial job taxonomy: A system for describing, classifying, and evaluating executive positions . Journal of Applied Psychology, 1976, 61, 410-418 .
63.
TRIANDIS, H. , MALPASS, R. , & DAVIDSON, A.Psychology and culture . Annual Review of Psychology, 1973, 24, 355-378 .
64.
TUNG, R.U.S. multinationals: A study of their selection and training procedures for overseas assignments . Proceedings of the 39t11 An7nual Meeting of the Academy of Management, 1979.
65.
WARD, J.Hierarchical grouping of optimize an objective function . Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1963, 58, 236-244 .
66.
WARD, J. , & HOOK, M.Application of an hierarchical grouping procedure to a problem of grouping profiles . Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1963, 23, 69-81 .
67.
WEISS, D.Multivariate procedures. In M. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. Chicago, Illinois: Rand McNally , 1976.
