This paper reviews the upward communication literature and identifies factors which facilitate or impede upward information flow in organizations. Studies are classified into the following categories: (1) subordinate characteristics, (2) superior characteristics, (3) the superior/subordinate relationship, (4) message characteristics, and (5) structural characteristics. A model is presented to summarize factors associated with the frequency, accuracy, and utility of upward communication. The model is integrated into a broader information processing framework which emphasizes the role of upward communication in managerial and unit effectiveness. A number of directions for future research on upward information flow are suggested.
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