Several taxonomies of work motivation were tested by comparing the results of metric and nonmetric scaling methods in the analysis of goals rated by 800 salesmen. While the results of the cluster andfactor analysis support an intrinsic-extrinsic grouping, the Small Space Analysis map indicates that more complex groupings of motivational variables are appropriate. Maslow's fivefold need categories are consistent with the results.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
ALDERFER, C. P.An empirical test of a new theory of human needs. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1969, 4, 142-175.
2.
ALDERFER, C. P.Existence, relatedness, and growth: Human needs in organizational settings. New York: The Free Press, 1972.
3.
CAMPBELL, J. P., & PRITCHARD, R. D.Motivation theory in industrial and organizational psychology. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, Chicago: Rand McNally, 1976.
4.
CLARK, A. W., & McCABE, S.Leadership beliefs of Australian managers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1970, 54, 1-6.
5.
DAWIS, R. V., LOFQUIST, L. H., & WEISS, D. J.A theory of work adjustment (A revision). Minneapolis: Industrial Relations Center, University of Minneapolis, 1968.
6.
DYER, L., & PARKER, D. F.Classifying outcomes in work motivation research: an examination of the intrinsic-extrinsic dichotomy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1976, 60, 455-458.
7.
GUTTMAN, L.A general non-metric technique for finding the smallest coordinate space for a configuration of points. Psychometrika, 1968, 33, 461-469.
8.
HAIRE, M., GHISELLI, E. E., & PORTER, L. W.Managerial thinking: An international study. New York: Wiley, 1966.
9.
HERMAN, J. G., & HULIN, C. L.Managerial satisfactions and organizational roles: An investigation of Porter's need deficiency scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1973, 57, 118-124.
10.
HERZBERG, F., MAUSNER, B., & SNYDERMAN, B.The motivation to work. (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley, 1959.
11.
HOFSTEDE, G. H., KRAUT, A. I., & SIMONETTI, S. H.Development of a core attitude survey questionnaire for international use. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 1977, 7, 21-21. (Ms. No. 1439)
12.
KARNI, E. S. & LEVIN, J.The use of smallest space analysis in studying scale structure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1972, 56, 341-346.
13.
KRAUT, A. I. & RONEN, S.Validity of job facet importance: A multinational, multicriteria study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1975, 60, 671-677.
14.
LAWLER, E. E. & SUTTLE, J. L.A causal correlational test of the need hierarchy concept. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1972, 7, 265-287.
15.
LINGOES, J. C.An IBM-7090 program for Guttman-Lingoes smallest space analysis-I. Behavioral Science, 1965, 10, 183-184.
16.
LINGOES, J. C.The Guttman-Lingoes nonmetric program series. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Mathesis Press, 1973.
17.
MASLOW, A. H.Motivation and personality. New York: Harper and Row, 1954.
18.
McQUITTY, L. L.Elementary linkage analysis for isolating orthogonal and oblique types and typal relevance. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1957, 17, 207-229.
19.
MINER, J. B. & DACHLER, H. P.Personnel attitudes and motivation. In P. H. Mussen and M. R. Rosenweig (Eds.), Annual review of psychology, Vol. 24. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc., 1973.
20.
PAYNE, R.Factor analysis of a Maslow type need satisfaction questionnaire. Personnel Psychology, 1970, 23, 251-268.
21.
PORTER, L. W.A study of perceived need satisfaction in bottom and middle management jobs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1961, 45, 1-10.
22.
PORTER, L. W.Job attitudes in mangement: I. Perceived deficiencies in need fulfillment as a function of job level. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1962, 46, 375-384.
23.
QUINN, R. & COBB, W.What workers want: Factor analysis of importance ratings of job facets. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Institute for Social Research, 1971.
24.
ROBERTS, K. H., WALTER, G. A., & MILES, R. E.A factor analytic study of job satisfaction items designed to measure Maslow need categories. Personnel Psychology, 1971, 24, 205-220.
25.
RONEN, S.Cross national study of employee work goals. International Review of Applied Psychology, 1979, 28, 1-12.
26.
RONEN, S., KRAUT, A. I., LINGOES, J. C., & ARANYA, N.A nonmetric scaling approach to taxonomies of employee motivation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1979, 14, 387-401.
27.
SCHLESINGER, I. M., & GUTTMAN, L.Smallest space analysis of intelligence and achievement tests. Psychological Bulletin, 1969, 71, 95-100.
28.
SHEPARD, R. N., ROMNEY, A. K., & NERLOVE, S. B.Multidimensional scaling: Theory and application in the behavioral sciences. New York: Seminar Press, 1972.
29.
SMITH, P. C., KENDALL, L. M., & HULIN, C. L.The measurement of satisfaction in work and retirement. Chicago: Rank McNally, 1969.
30.
VROOM, V. H.Work and motivation. New York: Wiley, 1964.
31.
WAHBA, M. A., & BRIDWELL, L.Maslow reconsidered: A review of research on the need hierarchy theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1976, 15, 212-240.
32.
WANOUS, J. P., & LAWLER, E. E.Measurement and meaning of job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1972, 56, 95-105.
33.
WANOUS, J. P., & ZWANY, A.A cross-sectional test of need hierarchy theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1977, 18, 78-97.
34.
WATERS, L. K., & ROACH, D.A factor analysis of need fulfillment exams designed to measure Maslow need categories. Personnel Psychology, 1973, 26, 185-195.
35.
WEISS, D. J.Multivariate procedures. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1976.