The inconsistent findings of prior studies in expectancy theory are examined with reference to various logical and methodological issues. A comprehensive test of the theory is proposed in broadening the base of the behavioral alternatives available to the individual in the work situation. A method is suggestedfor incorporating negative as well as positive instrumentalities and acts. Nine alternative models are tested, including the expectancy variables, additive, multiplicative, and combined versions. The findings of the study do not support the theory as a predictor of effort and performance, and provide moderate support to the theory as a predictor of total job satisfaction. None of the predictor models is found to be superior to any of the others. The findings confirm those of other recent studies, and suggest that the theory may explain only a limited portion of behavior on the job.
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