Prior to the mid-1970s, gender was virtually absent from theories of management and organization (OMT), particularly within the North American context. In recent years, four strands of research have brought gender into management theory - gender and organizations, women in management, work-family conflict, and diversity management - but largely in ways that reinforce the masculinist project. With the exception of the more critical gender and organizations approach, gender continues to be discussed in OMT in ways that privilege masculinity and problematize femininity. This is particularly true of the work-family conflict literature and, to a lesser extent, the women in management literature. In this article, we are interested in the root of the gendered discourse within OMT. Through a feminist hermeneutic excavation of the development of modern OMT in post-war USA, we conclude that the continued masculinist project owes much to Cold War discourses of family and work
Acker, J. & van Houten, D. R.Differential recruitment and control: The sex structuring of organizations . Administrative Science Quarterly, 1974, 9(2), 152-163 .
2.
Anderson, A. G. , Mandeville, M. J. & Anderson, J. M.Industrial management, rev. edn.New York: The Ronald Press Company , 1942.
3.
Archer, J. & Lloyd, B.Sex and gender. New York: Cambridge University Press , 1985.
4.
Ashcraft, K. L. & Mumby, D. K.Reworking gender. A feminist communicology of organization. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage , 2004.
5.
Bacchi, C. L.Same difference: Feminism and sexual difference. North Sydney: Allen and Unwin , 1990.
6.
Balderston, C. C. , Karabasz, V. S. & Brecht, R. P.Management of an enterprise. New York: Prentice Hall , 1935.
7.
Barnett, R. C.How paradigms shape the stories we tell: Paradigm shifts in gender and health . Journal of Social Issues, 1997, 53(2), 351-368 .
8.
Barnett, R. & Gareis, K.Reducedhours employment. The relationship between difficulty of tradeoffs and quality of life . Work and Occupations, 2000, 27, 168-187 .
9.
Bell, D. (Ed.) The new American right. New York: Criterion Books , 1955.
10.
Benschop, Y. & Doorewaard, H.Six of one and half a dozen of the other: The gender subtext of Taylorism and team-based work . Gender, Work and Organization, 1998, 5(1), 5-18 .
11.
Boje, D. M. , Oswick, C. & Ford, J. D.Language and organization: The doing of discourse . The Academy of Management Review, 2004, 29(14), 571-577 .
12.
Burke, R. J. , Weir, T. & Duwors, R. E.Type A behavior of administrators and wives’ reports of marital satisfaction and well-being . Journal of Applied Psychology, 1979, 64, 57-65 .
13.
Burke, R. J. , Weir, T. & Duwors, R. E.Work demands on administrators and spouse well-being . Human Relations, 1980, 33, 253-278 .
14.
Blum, L. M.At the breast: Ideologies of breastfeeding and motherhood in the contemporary United States. Boston, MA: Beacon Press , 1999.
15.
Calás, M. B. & Smircich, L.From ‘the woman’s’ point of view: Feminist approaches to organization studies. In S. R. Clegg , C. Hardy & W. R. Nord (Eds), Handbook of organization studies. London: Sage , 1996, pp. 218-257.
16.
Capshew, J. H. & Laszlo, A. C.‘We would not take no for an answer’: Women psychologists and gender politics during WWII . Journal of Social Issues, 1986, 42(1), pp. 157-180 .
17.
Carney, C. & Kahn, K.Building competencies for effective cross-cultural counseling: A self-regulatory developmental view . The Counseling Psychologist, 1984, 12(2), 111-119 .
18.
Christie, N.By necessity or by right: The language and experience . Labour/Le Travail, 2002, 50, 117-151 .
19.
Cobble, D. S.Recapturing working class feminism: Union women in post-war America. In J. Meyerowitz (Ed.), Not June Cleaver: Women and gender in postwar America, 1945-1960. Philadelphia, PA: Temple , 1994.
20.
Collinson, D. L. & Hearn, J. (Eds) Men as managers, managers as men. London: Sage , 1996.
21.
Cooke, B. , Mills, A. J. & Kelley, E. S.Situating Maslow in Cold War America: A recontextualization of management theory . Group and Organization Management, 2005, 30, 129-152 .
22.
Coontz, S.The way we never were: American families and the nostalgia trap. New York: Basic , 1992.
23.
Cullen, D.Sex and gender on the path to feminism and self-actualization. Toronto: Administrative Sciences Association of Canada , 1992.
24.
Cullen, D.Maslow, monkeys and motivation theory . Organization, 1997, 4(3), 355-373 .
25.
Cuordileone, K. A.Politics in an age of anxiety: Cold War political culture and the crisis of American Masculinity . Journal of American History, 2000, 87(2), 515-545 .
26.
Czarniawska, B. & Gagliardi, P. (Eds) Narratives we organize by. Amsterdam: John Benjamins , 2003.
27.
Davis, R. C.Industrial organization and management. New York: Harper & Brothers , 1940.
28.
Davis, R. C.Industrial organization and management, 3rd edn.New York: Harper & Brothers , 1957.
29.
Edwards, J. R. & Rothbard, N. P.Work and family stress and well-being: An examination of person-environment fit in the work and family domains . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2000, 77(2), 85-129 .
30.
Folts, F. E.Introduction to industrial management, 2nd edn.New York: McGraw-Hill , 1938.
31.
Folts, F. E.Introduction to industrial management. New York: McGraw-Hill , 1954.
32.
French, M.Beyond power: On women, men, and morals. New York: Summit Books , 1985.
33.
Friedan, B.The feminine mystique. New York: Dell , 1963.
34.
Goodstein, J. D.Institutional pressures and strategic responsiveness: Employer involvement in work-family issues . Academy of Management Journal, 1994, 37(2), 350-382 .
35.
Gramsci, A.The modern prince and other writings. New York: International Publishers , 1978.
36.
Grandey, A. A. & Cropanzano, R.The conservation of resources model applied to work-family conflict and strain . Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1999, 54, 350-370 .
37.
Grant, R.The Cold war and the feminine mystique. In P. Beckman , F. d’Amico Bergin & J. Garvey (Eds), Women, gender and world politics. London : 1994.
38.
Greenhaus, J. H. & Beutell, N. J.Sources of conflict between work and family roles . Academy of Management Review, 1985, 10, 76-88 .
39.
Gross, N. , Mason, W. S. & McEachern, A. W.Explorations in role analysis: Studies of the school superintendency role. New York: Wiley , 1958.
40.
Gurin, E. , Veroff, J. & Feld, S.Americans view their mental health. New York: Basic Books , 1960.
41.
Halberstam, D.The fifties. New York: Fawcett Books , 1994.
42.
Hartmann, S. M.The home front and beyond: American women in the 1940s. Boston, MA: Twayne , 1982.
43.
Hearn, J. & Parkin, P. W.Gender and organizations: A selective review and a critique of a neglected area . Organization Studies, 1983, 4(3), 219-242 .
44.
Hearn, J. , Sheppard, D. , Tancred-Sheriff, P. & Burrell, G. (Eds) The sexuality of organization. London: Sage , 1989.
45.
Heenan, T. & Nyland, C.Running the McCarthyist gauntlet: The cleansing of progressivism from management thought in post war years . Paper presented at ‘The Cold War and Management’ Stream, of the 3rd International Critical Management Studies conference, Lancaster University, 7-9 July 2003.
46.
Hobfall, S. E.A new attempt at conceptualizing stress . American Psychologist, 1989, 44, 513-524 .
47.
Hochschild, A. R.The time bind: When work becomes home and home becomes work. New York: Metropolitan Books , 1997.
48.
Holahan, C. K. & Gilbert, L. A.Conflict between major life roles: Women and men in dual-xcareer couples . Human Relations, 1979, 32, 451-467 .
49.
Horowitz, D.Betty Friedan and the making of the feminine mystique. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press , 1998.
50.
Kahn, R. L. , Wolfe, D. M. , Quinn, R. P. , Snoek, J. D. & Rosenthal, R. A.Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. New York: Wiley , 1964.
51.
Katz, D. & Kahn, R. L.The social psychology of organizations. New York: Wiley , 1966.
52.
Keith, P. M. & Schafer, R. B.Role strain and depresssion in two job families . Family Relations, 1980, 29, 483-488 .
53.
Kennan, G.Memoirs. London: Hutchinsons of London , 1967.
54.
Kirby, E. , Golden, A. , Medved, C. , Jorgenson, J. & Buzzanell, P. M.An organizational communication challenge to the discourse of work and family research: From problematics to empowerment. In P. Kalbfleisch (Ed.), Communication yearbook 27. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates , 2003, pp. 1-44.
55.
Klatch, R.The two worlds of women of the new right. In L. A. Tilly & P. Gurin (Eds), Women, politics and change. New York: Russell Sage Foundation , 1990, pp. 529-552.
56.
LaFollette, H.Real men. In L. May & R. Strikwerda (Eds), Rethinking masculinity: Philosophical explorations in light of feminism. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield , 1992, pp. 59-74.
57.
Mason, C. 100 most frequently cited articles in Social Sciences Index: A list. 2002, available at: [http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/wfnetwork/loppr/top100.pdf], accessed 25 May 2005.
58.
May, E. T.Homeward bound: American families in the Cold War era. New York: Basic Books , 1988.
59.
May, E. T.Explosive issues: Sex, women and the bomb. In L. May (Ed.), Recasting America: Culture and politics in the age of the Cold War. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press , 1989, pp. 154-170.
60.
Meyerowitz, J.Beyond the feminine mystique: A reassessment of postwar mass culture, 1946-1958 . The Journal of American History, 1993, 79(4), 1455-1482 .
61.
Mills, A. J.Feminist organizational analysis and the business textbook. In D. E. Hodgson & C. Carter (Eds), Management knowledge and the new employee. London: Ashgate , 2004, pp. 30-48.
62.
Mills, A. J. & Helms Hatfield, J. C.From imperialism to globalization: Internationalization and the management text. In S. R. Clegg , E. Ibarra and L. Bueno (Eds), Theories of the management process: Making sense through difference. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage , 1998, pp. 37-67.
63.
Mills, A. J. & Simmons, T.Reading organization theory. Toronto: Garamond Press , 1995.
64.
Mills, A. J. & Tancred, P. (Eds) Gendering organizational analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage , 1992.
65.
Miree, C. E. & Frieze, I. H.Children and careers: A longitudinal study of the impact of young children on critical career outcomes of MBAs . Sex Roles, 1999, 41, 787-808 .
66.
Moskowitz, E.‘Good to blow your top’: Women’s magazines and a discourse of discontent, 1945-1965 . Journal of Women’s History, 1996, 8, 66-98 .
67.
Nickerson, M.Women, domesticity and Cold War activism . Organization of American Historians, Magazine of History, 2003, 17(1), 17-21 .
68.
O’Connor, J. E. & Jackson, M. A. (Eds) American history/American film. New York: Frederick Ungar , 1980.
69.
O’Neil, J.Gender-role conflict and strain in men’s lives: Implications for psychiatrists, psychologists, and other human-service providers. In K. Solomon & N. Levy (Eds), Men in transition: Theory and therapy. New York: Plenum Press , 1982, pp. 5-44.
70.
Parsons, T. & Bales, R. F.Family, socialization and interaction process. Glencoe, IL: Free Press , 1955.
71.
Pearlin, L. I.Sex roles and depression. In N. Datan & L. H. Ginsberg (Eds), Life-span developmental psychology: Normative life crises. New York: Academic Press , 1975, pp. 191-207.
72.
Pidgeon, M.Women workers and recent economic change . Monthly Labour Review, 1947, 65, 666-671 .
73.
Quart, L. & Auster, A.American film and society since 1945. London: Macmillan , 1984.
74.
Robin, R.The making of the Cold War enemy: Culture and politics in the military-intellectual complex. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press , 2001.
75.
Rosenberg, E. S.Foreign affairs after WWII: Connecting sexual and international politics . Diplomatic History, 1994, 18, 59-70 .
76.
Rosenmann, R. H. , Friedman, M. , Straus, R.et al.A predictive study of coronary heart disease: The Western Collaborative Group Study . Journal of the American Medical Association, 1964, 189, 15-22 .
77.
Rowbotham, S.A century of women. A history of women in Britain and the United States. London: Penguin , 1999.
78.
Runté, M. & Mills, A. J.The discourse of work-family conflict: A critique . In G. Miller (Ed.), Proceedings of the Gender and Diversity in Organization Division of the Annual Meeting of the Administrative Sciences Association of Canada, Winnipeg, 25-28 May, 2002.
79.
Runté, M. & Mills, A. J.Paying the toll: A feminist post-structural critique of the discourse bridging work and family . Culture and Organization, 2004, 10(3), 237-249 .
80.
Samuels, G.Why twenty million women work. In M. Dubofsky (Ed.), American labor since the New Deal. Chicago, IL: Quadrangle Books , 1971, pp. 183-191.
81.
Sangster, J.Feminism and the making of Canadian working-class history: Exploring the past, present and future . Labour/Le Travail, 2000, 46, 127-165 .
82.
Schrecker, E.Many are the crimes: McCarthyism in America. Boston, MA: Little, Brown , 1998.
83.
Scott, W. D. , Clothier, R. C. , Mathewson, S. B. & Spriegel, W. R.Personnel management: Principles, practices, and point of view, 3rd edn.New York: McGraw-Hill , 1941.
84.
Tancred-Sheriff, P. & Campbell, E. J.Room for women: A case study in the sociology of organizations. In A. J. Mills & P. Tancred (Eds), Gendering organizational analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage , 1992, 31-45.
85.
Termini, L. M. & Miles, C. C.Sex and personality: Studies in masculinity and femininity. New York: McGraw-Hill , 1936.
86.
Terry, G. R.Office management & control, rev. edn.Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin , 1953.
87.
Thompson, J. A. & Bunderson, J. S.Work-nonwork conflict and the phenomenology of time: Beyond the balance metaphor . Work and Occupations, 2001, 28, 17-39 .
88.
Van Maanen, J.Tales of the field. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press , 1988.
89.
Wallace, J.Work-to-nonwork conflict among married male and female lawyers . Journal of Organizational Behavior, 1999, 20, 797-816 .
90.
Ware, S.Women: A documentary history. Chicago, IL: The Dorsey Press , 1989.
91.
Watson, T. J.Rhetoric, discourse and argument in organizational sense making: A reflexive tale . Organization Studies, 1995, 16(5), 805-821 .
92.
Weatherford, D.American women and WWII. New York: Facts on File , 1990.
93.
Weedon, C.Feminist practice & poststructuralist theory. Oxford: Blackwell , 1993.
94.
Werbel, J. D.Work and physical health . In A.K. Korman (Chair), Management alienation. Symposium conducted at the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Academy of Management, New York, 1978.
95.
Westman, M.Stress and strain crossover . Human Relations, 2001, 54(6), 717-751 .
96.
Wickert, F. R. & McFarland, D. E.Measuring executive effectiveness. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts , 1967.
97.
Wilson, F. M.Organizational behaviour and gender: Innovative business textbooks, 2nd edn.Aldershot: Ashgate , 2003.
98.
Wrege, C. D.The inception, early struggles, and flowering of the Academy of Management. Academy of Management Archives. Ithaca, NY, in the Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Martin P. Catherwood Library, Cornell University , n.d.
