Trait/characteristic theories and empirical approaches to the study of leadership have been supported by mounds of data, graphic models, and regression statistics. While there has been criticism of these mainstream approaches, there has been little in the way of meta-physical support developed for either side of the argument. This paper attempts to address the `science' of leadership study at its most fundamental level.
Aquinas, T.Summa theologica (Fathers of the English Dominican Province). In R.M. Hutchins (Ed.), Great books of the Western world. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1952.
2.
Barker, R.A.How can we train leaders if we do not know what leadership is ? Human Relations, 1997, 50(4), 343-362.
3.
Bass, B.M.Stogdill's handbook of leadership (rev. ed.). New York: The Free Press, 1981.
4.
Bass, B.M.Bass & Stogdill's handbook of leadership (3rd ed.). New York: The Free Press, 1990.
5.
Bennis, W.G.Leadership theory and administrative behavior: The problem with authority . Administrative Science Quarterly, 1959, 4, 259-301.
6.
Bennis, W.G. & Nanus, B.Leaders: The strategies for taking charge. New York: Harper & Row, 1985.
7.
Burns, J.M.Leadership. New York: Harper & Row, 1978.
8.
DePree, M.Leadership jazz. New York: Dell, 1992.
9.
Fleishman, E.A. , Mumford, M.D., Zaccaro, S.J., Levin, K.Y., Korotkin, A.L. & Hein, M.B.Taxonomic efforts in the description of leadership behavior: A synthesis and functional interpretation. The Leadership Quarterly, 1991, 2, 245-287.
10.
Foote, S.The Civil War: A narrative. New York: Random House, 1958.
11.
Foster, W.The reconstruction of leadership. Victoria: Deakin University Press, 1986.
12.
Gastil, J.A definition and illustration of democratic leadership . Human Relations, 1994, 47, 953-975.
13.
Gemmill, G. & Oakley, J.Leadership: An alienating social myth? Human Relations, 1992, 45, 113-129.
14.
Giddens, A.Profiles and critiques in social theory. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1982.
15.
Giddens, A.Social theory and modern sociology. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987.
16.
Greenleaf, R.K.Servant leadership. In J.T. Wren (Ed.), The leader's companion: Insights on leadership through the ages. New York: The Free Press, 1995, pp. 18-23.
17.
Harre, R.The principles of scientific thinking. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.
18.
Harre, R. , Clarke, D. & DeCarlo, N.Motives and mechanisms. London: Methuen, 1985.
19.
House, R.J. & Aditya, R.M.The social scientific study of leadership: Quo vadis? Leader-ship Quarterly, 1997, 23(3), 409-464.
20.
Hunt, J.G.Leadership: A new synthesis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1991.
21.
Jantsch, E.The self-organizing universe: Scientific and human implications of the emerging paradigm of evolution. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon, 1980.
22.
Kellert, S.H.In the wake of chaos. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
23.
Kiel, L.D.Managing chaos and complexity in government. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1994.
24.
Kirkpatrick, S.A. & Locke, E.A.Leadership: Do traits matter? Academy of Management Executive, 1991, 5, 48-60.
25.
Kostner, J.Virtual leadership. New York: Warner Books, 1994.
26.
Kotter, J.P.The leadership factor. New York: The Free Press, 1988.
27.
Kuhn, T.S.The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1970.
28.
Lewin, K.The consequences of an authoritarian and democratic leadership. In A.W, Gouldner (Ed.), Studies in leadership. New York: Harper & Row, 1950, pp. 409-417.
29.
Locke, J.An essay concerning human understanding (Edited by R. Wilburn). New York: Dutton, 1947.
30.
Machiavelli, N.The prince (Translated by G. Bull). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1514/1981.
31.
Mintzberg, H.If you're not serving Bill and Barbara, then you're not serving leadership. In J.G. Hunt, U. Sekaran and C.A. Schriesheim (Eds), Leadership: Beyond establishment views. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1982, pp. 239-250.
32.
Overman, E.S.The new sciences of administration: Chaos and quantum theory . Public Administration Review, 1996, 56, 487-491.
33.
Parry, K.W.Grounded theory and social process: A new direction for leadership research . Leadership Quarterly, 1998, 9(1), 85-106.
34.
Pawar, B.S. & Eastman, K.K.The nature and implications of contextual influences on transformational leadership: A conceptual examination. Academy of Management Review, 1997, 22(1), 80-109.
35.
Peterson, M.F. & Hunt, J.G.International perspectives on international leadership. Leader-ship Quarterly, 1997, 8(3) 203-232.
36.
Pirsig, R.M. (1991) Lila: An inquiry into morals. New York: Bantam, 1991.
37.
Rost, J.C.Leadership for the twenty-first century. New York: Praeger, 1991.
38.
Rost, J.C.Leadership development in the new millennium . The Journal of Leadership Studies, 1993, 1(1), 92-110.
39.
Shelton, K. (Ed.) A new paradigm of leadership. Provo, UT: Executive Excellence Publishing, 1997.
40.
Sparrowe, R.T. & Liden, R.C.Process and structure in leader-member exchange. Academy of Management Review, 1997, 22(2), 522-552.
41.
Stogdill, R.M. (1948). Personal factors associated with leadership: A survey of the literature. Journal of Psychology, 1948, 25, 35-71.
42.
Takala, T.Plato on leadership . Journal of Business Ethics, 1998, 17(7), 785-798.
43.
Taylor, F.W.Principles of scientific management. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1911.
44.
Tolstoy, L.War and peace (Translated by L. Maude and A. Maude). In R.M. Hutchins (Ed.), Great books of the Western world. Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1952.
45.
Weber, M.The theory of social and economic organization (Translated by A.M. Henderson and T. Parsons). New York: The Free Press, 1947.
46.
Wheatley, M.J.Leadership and the new science. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 1994.
47.
Wills, G.Certain trumpets. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
48.
Yukl, G. & Van Fleet, D.D.Theory and research on leadership in organizations. In M.D. Dunnette and L.M. Hough (Eds), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc., 1992, pp. 147-197.
