Perceptual adaptation to underwater size, distance, and curvature distortion was measured for four different adaptation conditions. These conditions consisted of (a) playing Chinese checkers underwater, (b) swimming with eyes open underwater, (c) viewing a square underwater, and (d) an air control. Significant adaptation to underwater distortions was recorded in all except the air control condition. In the viewing square condition a positive correlation between size and distance adaptation was noted. It was suggested that adaptation to curvature may have mediated the positive correlation. Possible applications for the training of divers are discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Epstein, W., Park, J., and Casey, A. (1961). The current status of the size-distance hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 58, 491–514.
2.
Franklin, S. S., Ross, H. E., and Weltman, G. (1970). Sizedistance invariance in perceptual adaptation. Psychonomic Science, 21, 229–231.
3.
Gibson, J. J. (1933). Adaptation, after-effect, and contrast in the perception of curved lines. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 14. 1–31.
4.
Kinney, J. A. S., and Luria, S. M. (1970). Conflicting visual and tactile-kinesthetic stimulation. Perception and Psychophysics, 8, 189–192.
5.
Kinney, J. A. S., McKay, C. L., Luria, S. M., and Gratto, C. (1970, June). The improvement of divers' compensation for underwater distortions (NSMRL Report 633). Groton, CT: Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory, Groton, CT. (NTIS No. AD 721682)
6.
Kirk, R. E. (1968). Experimental design: Procedures for the behavioral sciences.Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
7.
Luria, S. M., and Kinney, J. A. S. (1970). Underwater vision. Science, 167, 1454–1461.
8.
Luria, S. M., and Kinney, J. A. S. (1972). Peripheral stimuli and stereoacuity underwater. Perception and Psychophysics, 11, 437–440.
9.
Luria, S. M., Kinney, J. A. S., and Weissman, S. (1967). Estimates of size and distance underwater. American Journal of Psychology, 80, 282–286.
10.
Luria, S. M., McKay, C. L., and Ferris, S. H. (1973). Handedness and adaptation to visual distortions of size and distance. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 100, 263–269.
11.
Ono, H., and O'Reilly, J. P. (1971). Adaptation to underwater distance distortion as a function of different sensorymotor tasks. Human Factors, 13, 133–139.
12.
Ono, H., O'Reilly, J. P., and Herman, L. M. (1970). Underwater distance distortion within the manual workspacc. Human Factors, 12, 473–480.
13.
Ross, H. E. (1970). Adaptation of divers to curvature distortion underwater. Ergonomics, 13, 489–499.
14.
Ross, H. E., Franklin, S. S., Weltman, G., and Lennie, P. (1970). Adaptation of divers to size distortion under water. British Journal of Psychology, 61, 365–373.
15.
Ross, H. E., and Lennie, P. (1972). Adaptation and counteradaptation to complex optical distortion. Perception and Psychophysics, 12, 273–277.
16.
Vernoy, M. W. (1976). Adaptation to curvature: Eye movements or neural curvature analyzers?Perception and Psychophysics, 19(1), 55–62.
17.
Vernoy, M. W., and Luria, S. M. (1977). Perception of, and adaptation to, a three-dimensional curvature distortion. Perception and Psychophysics, 22, 245–248.
