Harbor navigation was simulated on a computer-driven, real-time system. Subjects' ability to keep a virtual vehicle within spatial boundaries was investigated in a situation in which the apparent transformations of the visual scene could only be perceived as successive perspective views of the navigation area. In two experiments, subjects' performance was measured as a function of the visual information available. Results indicate that providing dynamic visual cues indicating the rotational movement of the vehicle (experiment 1) or the spatial properties of its trajectory (experiment 2) results in improved performance. They suggest how fundamental the role of motion perception is in vehicle guidance, and bring up its possible implications for the ergonomics of displacement control at slow speeds.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Adams, J. A. (1971). A closed-loop theory of motor learning. Journal of Molor Behavior, 3, 111–150.
2.
Andersen, G. J. (1986). Perception of self-motion: Psychophysical and computational approaches. Psychological Bulletin, 99(1), 52–65.
3.
Bertsche, W. R., Cooper, R. B., Feldman, D. A., and Schroeder, K. R. (1981). An evaluation of display formats for use with marine radio navigation piloting systemsWashington, DC: U.S. Coast Guard.
4.
Blaauw, G. J. (1984). Car driving as a supervisory control task. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Institute for Perception TNO, Soesterberg, The Netherlands.
5.
Braunstein, M. L. (1976). Depth perception through motion.London: Academic Press.
6.
Carson, J. M., and Wierwille, W. W. (1978). Development of a strategy model of the driver in lane keeping. Vehicle Systems Dynamics, 7, 223–253.
7.
Cavallo, V. (1984). Connaissance de la forme d'un deplacement a partir de ses effets spatiaux. Le Travail Humain, 47, 273–279.
8.
Cutting, J. E. (1986). Perception with an eye for motion.Cambridge: MIT Press.
9.
Gibson, J. J. (1950). The perception of the visual world. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
10.
Gibson, J. J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems.Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
11.
Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception.Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
12.
Gibson, J. J., Olum, P., and Rosenblatt, F. (1955). Parallax and perspective during aircraft landings. American Journal of Psychology, 68, 372–385.
13.
Gordon, D. A. (1966). Perceptual mechanisms in vehicular guidance. Public Roads, 34, 53–68.
14.
Huff, E. M., and Nagel, D. C. (1975). Psychological aspects of aeronautical flight simulation. American Psychologist, 426–439.
15.
Koenderink, J. J. (1986). Optic flow. Vision Research, 26(1), 161–180.
16.
Koenderink, J. J., and Van Doorn, A. J. (1978). How an ambulant observer can construct a model of the environment from the geometrical structure of the visual inflow. In G. Hauske and E. Butenandt (Eds.), Kybernetik 1978 (pp. 224–247). Munich: Oldenburg.
17.
Lee, D. N. (1974). Visual information during locomotion. In R. B. MacLeod and H. Pick (Eds.), Perception: Essays in honor of J. J. Gibson (pp. 250–267). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
18.
Lee, D. N. (1980). The optic flow field: The foundation of vision. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 290, 169–179.
19.
Leroi-Gourhan, A. (1964). Le geste et la parole: I. Technique et langage.Paris: Albin Michel.
20.
Mestre, D., Cavallo, V., and Peruch, P. (1986). Definition of an on-board visual aid for piloting large ships. In A. G. Gale, M. H. Freeman, G. M. Haslegrave, P. Smith, and S. Taylor (Eds.), Vision in vehicles (pp. 257–264). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
21.
Nakayama, K., and Loomis, J. M. (1974). Optical velocity patterns, velocity sensitive neurons, and space perception: A hypothesis. Perception, 3., 63–80.
22.
Pailhous, J., and Mestre, D. (in press). Interpretation spatiale des reafferences du mouvement. In C. Bastien and J. P. Caverni (Eds.), Processus cognitifs: Modeles et methodes d'etude en psychologie. Grenoble: Presses Universitaires de Grenoble.
23.
Peruch, P., Cavallo, V., Deutsch, C., and Pailhous, J. (1984) Real-time graphic simulation of visual effects of egomotion. In T. R. G. Green, M. J. Tauber and G. C. Van der Veer (Eds.), Cognitive ergonimics. Mind and computer (pp. 192–199). Heidelberg. West Germany: Springer Verlag.
24.
Riemersma, J. B. J. (1981). Visual control during straight road driving. Acta Psychologica, 48, 215–225.
25.
Riemersma, J. B. J. (1987). Visual cues in straight road driving. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Institute for Perception TNO, Soesterberg, The Netherlands.
26.
Roscoe, S. N., Corl, L., and Jensen, R. S. (1981). Flight display dynamics revisited. Human Factors, 23(3), 341–353.
27.
Turvey, M. T., and Kugler, P. N. (1984). An ecological approach to perception and action. In H. T. A. Whiting (Ed.), Human motor actions. Bernstein reassessed (pp. 373–412). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
28.
Wagenaar, W. A. (1975). Supertankers: Simulators for the study of steering. American Psychologist, 440–444.
29.
Wallach, H., and O'Connell, D. N. (1953). The kinetic depth effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 52, 571–578.
