The optimal structuring of menu indexes in computerized information retrieval is examined. The number of alternatives per page that minimizes search time is determined as a function of the human and machine factors of search strategy, scanning time, key-press time, and computer response time. For a wide range of conditions, the optimal number of alternatives per page is in the range of from four to eight, with limiting integer values of three and four for exhaustive and self-terminating search, respectively.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Atkinson, R. C., Holmgren, J. E., and Juola, J. F. (1969). Processing time influenced by the number of elements in a visual display. Perception & Psychophysics, 6, 321–326.
2.
Baser, R. (1979, June). Response time of the Telidon database (Technical memorandum). Ottawa: Government of Canada, Department of Communications.
3.
Briggs, G. E., and Johnsen, A. M. (1973). On the nature of central processing in choice reactions. Memory and Cognition, 1, 91–100.
4.
Conrad, R., and Hull, A. J. (1968). The preferred layout for numeral data-entry keysets. Ergonomics, 11, 165–174.
5.
Devoe, D. B. (1967). Alternatives to handprinting in the manual entry of data. IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, 8, 21–32.
6.
Jackson, M. D., and McClelland, J. L. (1979). Processing determinants of reading speed. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108, 151–181.
7.
Lee, E. S. (1980a). The optimum number of alternatives to display on an index page in an interactive Telidon data base. In D. Phillips (Ed.), Telidon behavioural research I (pp. 128–149). Ottawa: Government of Canada, Department of Communications.
8.
Lee, E. S. (1980b). Broadcast Telidon: The optimum number of alternatives per index page. In D. Phillips (Ed.), Telidon behavioural research I (pp. 150–230). Ottawa: Government of Canada, Department of Communications.
9.
Lee, E. S., Whalen, T., McEwen, S., and Latrémouille, S. (1984). Optimizing the design of menu pages for information retrieval. Ergonomics, 27, 1051–1069
10.
Madden, J. Videotex in Canada. (1979). Ottawa: Government of Canada, Department of Communications.
11.
Martin, J. (1973). Design of man-computer dialogues. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
12.
Minor, F. J., and Revesman, S. L. (1962). Evaluation of input devices for a data setting task. Journal of Applied Psychology, 46, 332–336.
13.
Naus, M. J., Glucksberg, S., and Ornstein, P. A. (1972). Taxonomic word categories and memory search. Cognitive Psychology. 3, 643–654.
14.
Neisser, U., and Beller, H. K. (1965). Searching through word lists. British Journal of Psychology, 56, 349–358.
15.
Newman, W., and Sproull, R. (1979). Principles of interactive computer graphics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
16.
Robertson, G., McCracken, D., and Newall, A. (1981). The ZOG approach to man-machine communication. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 14, 461–488.
17.
Shiffrin, R. M. (1976). Capacity limitations in information processing, attention, and memory. In W. K. Estes (Ed.), Handbook of learning and cognitive processes. (Vol. 4) (pp. 177–236). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
18.
Sternberg, S. (1969). Memory scanning: Mental processes revealed by reaction time experiments. American Scientist, 47, 421–457.
19.
Tydeman, J., Lipinski, H., Adler, R., Nyhan, M., and Swimpfer, L. (1982). Teletext and videotex in the United States. New York: McGraw-Hill.