Tangible Graphs for the Blind

Abstract

This study is the first stage of a research program to develop and evaluate a tangible graphics system for the blind. In this study, comparatively simple formats, line graphs, were chosen. It was argued that a relatively direct translation from the standard visual format would provide sufficient information to the haptic system for effective tangible-graphreading performance. The results suggest that the presentation of spatial information in the form of tangible graphs is indeed a viable source of information for the blind reader, regardless of age at onset or duration of total blindness. Of four graph designs evaluated, the grid-on-graph and grid-underlay modes proved most effective in terms of performance and preference. Exploration strategies and design improvements were also considered.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Bartlett, M. S. Multivariate analysis. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 1947, 9 (Series B). 176–197.

Bentzen, B. L. , and Peck, A. F. Factors affecting traceability of lines for tactile graphics. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, 1979, 73(7), 264–269.

Berla, E. P. Behavioral strategies and problems in scanning and interpreting tactual displays. New Outlook for the Blind, 1972, 66(10), 277–286.

Berla, E. P. , and Butterfield, L. H. Tactual distinctive features analysis: Training blind students in shape recognition and in locating shapes on a map. The Journal of Special Education, 1977, 11(3), 335–346.

Gill, J. M. Design, production, and evaluation of tactual maps for the blind. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Warwick, Warwick, England, 1973.

Kidwell, A. M. , and Greer, P. A. The environmental perceptions of blind persons and their haptic representation. New Outlook for the Blind, 1972, 66(8), 256–276.

Kirchner, C.

Non-text reading matter: How should it be presented?

Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, 1979, 73 (8), 329.

Lederman, S. J. , and Kinch, D. Texture in tactual maps and graphics for the visually handicapped. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, 1979, 73(6), 217–227.

Nolan, C. Y. , and Morris, J. E. Improvement of tactual symbols for blind children: Final report. Louisville, KY: American Printing House for the Blind, 1971.

10.

Schiff, W. , and Isikow, H. Stimulus redundancy in the tactile perception of histograms. International Journal for the Education of the Blind, 1966, 16(1), 1–11.

11.

Wiedel, J. W. , and Groves, P. A. Tactual mapping: Design, reproduction, reading and interpretation. College Park, MD: University of Maryland, Dept. of Geography, 1972.