Visual display units (VDUs) have been reported to cause such eye difficulties as eyestrain, visual discomfort, and visual fatigue. In addition, there are effects on visual accommodation as well as effects arising from contrast and glare sensitivity. This bibliography brings together in one place the widely dispersed literature on the effects of VDUs on the eyes.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Government briefsEye strain from VDTs. Optical Spectra, May, 1981, 75(5), 32.
2.
Tight rules for screens in Norway could set precedent. New Scientist, May 7, 1981,90(1252), 334.
3.
Maine bill to cover CRT use. Computerworld, May 4, 1981, 15(18), 13.
4.
Select research reports on health issues in video display terminal operations. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Service, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, April, 1981.
5.
Blue Shield strikers win VOT battle. MIS Week, April 29, 1981, 2(77), 5.
6.
Terminals only secondary cause of health effects, researchers say. Occupational Safety and Health Reporter, Section 1, Current Report, April 16, 1981, 10(45), 1431–2.
Guide to users of business equipment incorporating visual display units. London: Business Equipment Trade Association, 15 pp. (PRA-80-13835.
9.
A rash of hazards from computer screens. New Scientist, December, 1980, 88(1232/1233), 761.
10.
Video display terminals pose new health hazards. News-letter of Women's Occupational Health Resource Center (School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York), July-August, 1980, 2(2), 2, 5.
11.
Uncovering health dangers in VDTs. Business Week (Industrial edition no. 2643), June 30, 1980, 52D--52E.
12.
VDT manual: Answers and reassurance. Vine No 33, May, 1980, 13–15.
13.
VDUs: Eye to eye. Printing World, February 6, 1980, 203 (6), 13.
14.
Visual display units: There effects on the eye. Office Equipment News, January, 1980, 38.
15.
Resource packet: Hazards associated with video display terminals. Berkeley, CA: University of California, Berkeley, Labor Occupational Health Program, 1979.
16.
Users' guide recommends eye tests for VDU operators. Lithoprint Week, November 14, 1979, 1(7), 5.
17.
Ergnomically designed workplace in the office and in the typesetting shop. Deutscher Drucker, October 25, 1979, 15(34), 12–7. (In German.)
18.
Ergonomically designed workplace in offices and typesetting works. Part-I. Deutscher Drucker, October 18, 1979, 15(33), 39–40, 42, 44, 46, 48–9. (In German.)
19.
Plasma slims computer display. Business Week (industrial edition No. 2592), July 2,1979, 77.
20.
Little screen. Business Systems and Equipment, May, 1979, 74–5.
21.
Good advice on lighting in a report on VDU screen. Grafiskt Forum, May, 1979, 84(5), 12–14. (In Swedish; PIRA translation No. 2105.)
22.
New CPT philosophy: Flexible information network. Druckspiegel, April, 1979, 34(4), 380, 382–3. (In German)
VDU health hazards warning. Wireless World, March, 1979, 85(1519), 76.
26.
VDU workplace in the judgment of research. Part-2. Deutscher Drucker, March 22, 1979, 75(10), 18, 24, 26–7, 30. (In German; PIRA translation No. 2113.)
27.
Question: VDUs: For or against. International Word Processing Report, March 1, 19794(11), 4.
28.
Keeping the operators healthy. Data Processing, February, 1979, 2(2), 36.
29.
IFRA publishes research report on VDU screens and health. Schweizerische Buchdrucker-Zeitung, February 1, 1979, 704(5), 192–193. (In German.)
30.
New technology: Visual display units. Health and Safety Information Bulletin No. 37, January, 1979, 1–4.
31.
NGA interim guidelines on operation of VOUs within the printing and newspaper industry. Health and Safety Information Bulletin No. 37, January, 1979, 18-20.
Risks of the job. Caractere TPC, December 26, 1978, 29(6), 18–21. (In French.)
34.
Question: VOU workstations: In the right light. Offset-praxis, November. 1978, 20(11), 40–1 (In German.)
35.
Health doubts persist. Computing Europe, September 21. 1978, 6(37), 1.
36.
Interim guidelines on operation of VDUs within the printing and newspaper industry. Trades Union Congress. Printing Industries Committee, London: June, 1978, 6 pp.(PRA-78-08688).
37.
Arbitrator finds no health hazard in use of video display terminals. American Newspaper Publishers Association (ANPA), Labor and Personnel Relations Bulletin, No. 6496, March, 1978, 77–89.
38.
Light and lighting: Eye strain at the workplace. IGF Journal, 1977, 27(1). 11–16.
39.
VDUs face health probe. Computer Weekly No. 556, September 8, 1977, 1, 4.
40.
Question: Do CRTs cause eye strain. Word Processing Report, July-August, 1976, 3(4), 58, 64.
41.
Work strain too high on visual display terminals. Deutscher Drucker, March 11, 1976, 12(10), 4, (In German.)
42.
Andrews, I. and Pearce, B. VOUs: Casting a light into the darkness, Computing Europe, October 4, 1979, 7(40), 18–19.
43.
Anthony, L. J.Question: How hazardous is the VDU. On-line, July, 1979, 3(3), 68.
44.
Ash, G. S.Vital contrast for the display industry. Optical Spectra, September, 1979, 13(9), 44–47.
45.
Bagnara, S.Error detection at visual display units. In E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani (Eds.) Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals, Proceedings of the International Workshop, Milan, March, 1980. London: Taylor and Francis, 1980, 3. 143–146.
46.
Bassani, G. NCR: From the first computer in Italy to the 1980s. Research and development on VOUs connected to EOP system., In E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani (Eds.) Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals, Proceedings of the International Workshop. Milan, March, 1980. London: Taylor and Francis, 1980, 257–262.
47.
Bauer, D. and Cavonius, C. R.Improving the legibility of visual display units through contrast reversal. In E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani (Eds.) Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals, Proceedings of the International Workshop, Milan, March, 1980. London: Taylor and Francis, 1980, 137–142.
48.
Bedwell, C. H.Assessment of eye strain and difficulty in viewing visual display units. Paper presented at the One-day Meeting on Eye Strain and VOUs, Loughborough University of Technology, December 15, 1978, edited transcript, 21–25, 28.
49.
Bergman, T. and VDT/CRT Working Group. Health Protection for Operators of VDTs/CRTs.New York: New York Committee for Occupational Safety and Health. 1980, 16 pp.
50.
Binaschi, S., Albonico, G., Gelli, E., and Morelli Di Popolo, M. R.Study on subjective symptomatology of fatigue in VDU operators. In E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani (Eds.) Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals, Proceedings of the International Workshop, Milan, March, 1980. London: Taylor and Francis, 1980. 219–25.
51.
Boissin, J. P.Regular surveillance of personnel working on computer terminals: Results. Bulletin Des Societes D'Ophtalmologie de France, 1978, 78(10). 705–7. (In French.)
52.
Bouma, H.General use of visual displays. Tijdschrift Van Het Nederlands Elektronica- en Radiogenootschap, 1979, 44(3), 173. (In Dutch.)
53.
Bruton, D. M.Medical aspects of cathode ray tube display systems. Transactions of the Society of Occupational Medicine, 1972, 22, 56–7.
54.
Buhmann, K.Ergonomic and medical requirements in VDU workplaces and corresponding rules within the Federal Republic of Germany. In E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani (Eds.) Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals, Proceedings of the International Workshop, Milan, March, 1980. London: Taylor and Francis, 1980, 277–81.
55.
Cakir, A.Assessing eye strain in data display terminals. Lichttechnik, 1979, 31(4). 160–4. (In German.)
56.
Cakir, A. Human aspects of working with VDTs. In IFRA Symposium on Health, Safety and Ecology in Newspaper Plants, Copenhagen, September, 1979. Copenhagen, 8 pp. (In German.)
57.
Cakir, A.Incidence and importance of eye strain among VDU operators. Paper presented at the One-day Meeting on Eye Strain and VDUs, Loughborough University of Technology, December 15, 1978, edited transcript, 13–19.
58.
Cakir, A., Hart, D. J., and Stewart, T. F.Visual Display Terminals: A Manual Covering Ergonomics, Workplace Design, Health and Safety, Task Organization.New York: Wiley, 1980. 253 pp. (Based in part on D. J. Hart, Human aspects of working with visual display terminals, Report 76/02, INCA-FIEJ Research Association, out of print.)
59.
Cakir, A., Hart, D. J., and Stewart, T. F, M. VDT Manual: Ergonomics, Workplace Design, Health and Safety, Task Organization. Darmstadt, 1979. 311 pp. INCA-FIEJ Research Association. (PRA-79-11701; see item immediately above.)
60.
Cakir, A., Reuter, H. J., Schmude, L., and Armbruster, A. Adaption of video screen workplaces to the physical and psychological functioning of persons. Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany: Federal Ministry for Work and Social Order, Research Report 1: Humanization of the Work Environment, April, 1978, 455 pp. (In German.)
61.
Chizlett, L.How to keep health in sight with a VDU. British Printer, October, 1979, 43, 45–6.
62.
Cleary, S. F., Microwave cataractogenesis. Proceedings of the IEEE, January, 1980, 68(1), 49–55. (See in particular pp. 53-54 on microwave cataracts in humans.)
63.
Colover, J. and Warr, A., Question: VDUs: A suitable case for treatment. Occupational Health, July, 1979,366-72.
64.
Colover, J. and Warr, A. Visual display units can be bad for you. Electronic Times No. 31, May 10, 1979, 20.
65.
Condon, R. Question: Do the eyes have it or is it all just one big strain. Computing, August 5, 1976, 12.
66.
Cunningham, E. A.Glare reduction for optical displays. IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, June, 1977, 20(1), 328–9.
67.
Dainoff, M. J.Visual fatigue in VDT operators. In E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani (Eds.) Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals, Proceedings of the International Workshop, Milan, March 1980. London: Taylor and Francis, 1980, 95–99.
68.
Dooley, A.Agrees with NIOSH study: FDA report finds CRT radiation levels safe. Computerworld, May 4, 1981, 15(18), 13.
69.
Dooley, A.NIOSH issues CRT use guidelines. Computerworld, April 13, 1981, 15(15), 1,8.
70.
Dooley, A.Stress, health hazards linked to CRT use. Computerworld, February 16, 1981, 15(7), 1, 4.
71.
Dooley A.CRTs' exonerated as cause of copy editors' cataracts. Computerworld, February 20, 1978, 12(8), 1.
72.
Doran D.CRT-keyboard VDUs: Implementing the solutions that already exist. In E. Granjean and E. Vigliani (Eds.) Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals, Proceedings of the International Workshop, Milan, March, 1980. London: Taylor and Francis, 1980, 245–249.
73.
Dudnick, R. and Eisen D.VDT: Health Collective Bargaining Kit.Washington, D.C.: Newspaper Guild, 1977. (Revised 1980.)
74.
Ehrlich, P.Ontario clerk; VDT caused cataract: First such compensation claim filed in Canada. MIS Week, February 4, 1981, 2(5), 4.
75.
Erhlich, P.Users, makers irritable in color-CRT argument. MIS Week, July 23, 1980, 1(10), 1, 10.
76.
Elias, R., Cail, F., Tisserand, M., and Christmann, H.Investigations in operators working with CRT display terminals: Relationship between task content and psychophysiological alterations. In E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani (Eds.) Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals, Proceedings of the International Workshop, Milan, March, 1980. London: Taylor and Francis, 1980, 211–217.
77.
Forsberg, K. Ergonomics of visual and muscular work at CRT terminals. Arbetsmiljoe No. 14, November, 1978. 19-21. (In Swedish.)
78.
French, N. and Herbert, J. P.Question: CRTs cause of editors' cataracts. Computerworld, August 1, 1977, 11(31), 1–2.
79.
Ghiringhelli, L.Collection of subjective opinions on use of VDUs. In E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani (Eds.) Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals, Proceedings of the International Workshop, Milan, March, 1980. London: Taylor and Francis, 1980, 227–231.
80.
Gilbert, P.Keeping an eye on VOUs. Post Office Telecommunications Journal, Spring, 1979, 31(1), 28–30.
81.
Gilbert, P.VDUs: Is there trouble in sight. Computing Europe, September 28, 1978, 6(38), 20–21.
82.
Gilbert, P. Question: Visual display units: Are they safe. Occupational Health, August, 1978, 357-62.
Grandjean, E.Ergonomic and medical aspects of VDU workplaces. Displays-Technology and Applications, July, 1980, 2(2), 76–80.
85.
Grandjean, E.Ergonomics of VDUs: Review of present knowledge. In E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani (Eds.) Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals, Proceedings of the International Workshop, Milan, March, 1980. London: Taylor and Francis, 1980.
86.
Grandjean, E. and Vigliani, E. (Eds.) Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals: Proceedings of the International Workshop, Milan, March, 1980. London: Taylor and Francis, 1980, 1–12.
87.
Gray, J. Four hours maximum on VDUs, says union. Electronic Times No. 53, October 25, 1979, 2.
88.
Grieco, A., Molteni, G., Piccoli, B., and Perris R.Field study in newspaper printing: A systematic approach to VDU operator strain. In E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani (Eds.) Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals, Proceedings of the International Workshop, Milan, March, 1980. London: Taylor and Francis, 1980, 185–194.
89.
Grundy, J. and Rosenthal, S.Vision and VDUs.London: Association of Optical Practitioners and Ophthalmic Optician, 11 pp. (PRA-80-13675.)
90.
Gunnarson, E. and Ostberg, O.Physical and psychological working environment in a terminal-based data system. Stockholm, Sweden: National Board of Occupational Safety and Health, Research Report 35, 1977, 46 pp. (In Swedish.)
91.
Haider, M., Kundi, M., and Weissenbock, M.Worker strain related to VDUs with differently colored characters. In E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani (Eds.) Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals, Proceedings of the International Workshop, Milan, March, 1980. London: Taylor and Francis, 1980, 53–64.
92.
Hart, D. J. Human aspects of working with video display terminals. Newspaper Techniques, September, 1976, 4-6, 8, 10.
93.
Hart, D. J.Human Aspects of Working with Visual Display Terminals.Darmstadt: INCA-FIEJ Research Assn. (IFRA), Report 76102. February, 1976, 22 pp. (Out of print. Superceded by A. Cakir, D. J. Hart, and T. F. M. Stewart, Visual display terminals. A manual covering ergonomics, workplace design, health and safety, task organization.)
94.
Holler, H., Kundi, M., Schmid, H., Stidl, H, G., Thaler, A., and Winter N.Stresses and Strain on the Eyes produced by Work with Display Screens: Report on a Work-Physiological Study Performed for the Union of Employees in the Private Sector, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA-77-1244, 70 pp, (Translated from German.)
95.
Hultgren, G. V. and Knave, B.Discomfort glare and disturbances from light reflections in an office landscape with CRT display terminals. Applied Ergonomics, 1974, 5(1). 2–8.
96.
Hultgren, G. V., Knave, B., and Werner, M.Eye discomfort when reading microfilm in different enlargers. Applied Ergonomics, 1974, 50(4). 194–200.
97.
Kalsbeek, J. H. W. and Umbach, F. W.Tasks involving contrast resolution, spatial and temporal resolution presented on VDU screen as a measuring technique of visual fatigue. In E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani (Eds.) Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals, Proceedings of the International Workshop, Milan, March, 1980. London: Taylor and Francis, 1980, 71–76.
98.
Koch, H.Problems in the standardization of VDU workplaces. Deutscher Drucker, October 4, 1979, 15(31), 54–8. (In German.)
99.
Krass, P.Question: Health hazard or hype. Datamation, May, 1981, 27(5), 36–8.
100.
Krueger, H.Ophthalmological aspects of work with display workstations. In E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani (Eds.) Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals, Proceedings of the International Workshop, Milan, March, 1980. London: Taylor and Francis, 1980, 31–40.
101.
Kullberg, J. Work with VDUs from the ergonomic viewpoint. Tillampad Teknik No.3, December, 1976. (PIRA translations No. 2033.)
102.
Lamb, J. Looking at VDUs: It's a headache. Computer Talk, October 18, 1978, 28.
103.
Laubli, T., Hunting, W., and Grandjean, E.Visual impairments in VDU operators related to environmental conditions. In E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani (Eds.) Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Termillals, Proceedings of the International Workshop, Milan, March, 1980. London: Taylor and Francis, 1980, 85–94.
104.
Laville, A., Teiger, C., Lantin, G., and Dessors, D.Visual fatigue induced by detection work on microfiches: Some data. Travail Humain, 1979, 42(2). 261–73. (In French.)
105.
Laville, A., Teiger, C., Lantin, G., Dessors, D., and Gadbois, C.Effects of microfiche searches on the visual function: Case of directory assistance operators. Travail Humain, 1979, 42(1). 132–33. (In French.)
106.
Leebeek, H. J.Design of the working environment for operators of VDUs. IGT Nieuws, April, 1978, 31(2), 33–8. (In Dutch.)
107.
Lindskoog, H. Question: Work at visual display units: Who needs special glasses for work at cathode ray terminals. Arbetsmiljoe No.1, January, 1979, 15-20. (In Swedish.)
108.
Low, K.Rx for CRT-Strain. American Libraries, January, 1981, 12(1), 18.
109.
Marshall, E.News and comment: FDA sees no radiation risk in VDT screens. Science, June 5, 1981, 212(4499). 1120–1.
110.
Martin, L.Ergonomics: A growing concern in CRT design. Mini-Micro Systems, November, 1980, 13(11), 119–21.
111.
McCusker, T.Ergonomics: The human factor. Output, March, 1981, 2(1), 24–7.
112.
McKee, R. VDU: Health and safety factor. Contact, No. 33, February, 1979, 4-5.
113.
Meyer, J. J., Gramoni, R., Korol, S., and Rey, P.Some aspects of visual strain in workplaces with CRT display terminals. Travail Humain, 1979, 42(2). 275–301. (In French.)
114.
Meyer, J. J., Rey, P., Korot, S., and Gramoni, R.Visual complaints due to work at TV screens. Sozial- Und Praventivmedizin, 1978, 23(4). 295–6. (in French.)
115.
Morton, W.Display eye strain: A manufacturer's view. Computing Europe, July 12, 1979, 7(28), 14–15.
116.
Moss, C. E., Murray, W. E., Parr, W. H., Messite, J., and Karches, G. J.Report on Electromagnetic Radiation Surveys of Video Display Terminals.U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Publication No. 78-129, December, 1977, 20 pp. (See p. 19 on eye strain.)
117.
Murray, W. E., Cox, C., Moss, C. E., and Parr, W. H.A Radiation and Industrial Hygiene Survey of Video Display Terminal Operations, paper in Select Research Reports on Health Issues in Video Display Terminal Operations, NIOSH, April. 1981.
118.
Ostberg, O.Accommodation and visual fatigue in display work In E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani (Eds.) Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals, Proceedings of the International Workshop, Milan, March, 1980. London: Taylor and Francis, 1980, 41–52.
Ostberg, O.Towards standards and TLVs for visual work. Paper read to Second World Congress of Ergo-Ophthalmology, Stockholm, Sweden, June 13-16, 1977, 32 pp. (PRA-78-08889.)
121.
Ostberg, O.Office computerization in Sweden: Worker participation, workplace design considerations, and the reduction of visual strain. Paper presented to NATO Advanced Study Institute on Man-Computer Interaction, Mati, Greece, September, 1976.
122.
Ostberg, O.CRTs pose health problems for operators. International Journal of Occupational Health and Safety, November-December, 1975, 44(6), 24–6, 46, 50. 52.
123.
Ostberg, O.Fatigue in clerical work with CRT display terminals. Goteborg Psychological Reports, 1974, 4(19), 14 pp.
124.
Ottosson, A.Working at display units and problems of lighting. In IFRA Symposium on Health. Safety and Ecology in Newspaper Plants. Copenhagen, September, 11-12, 1979, 6 pp.
125.
Pearce, B.VDU clinic. Computer Talk, November 19, 1980, 11.
126.
Pearce, B.Conferences: International scientific workshop on ergonomic aspects of visual display unitS: Milan. March 17-19, 1980. Displays---Technology and Applications, July, 1980, 2(2). 100–101.
127.
Peltu, M.Europe's human approach. Datamation, May, 1981, 27(5). 38. 40, 42.
128.
Poole, V, R. PIRA bibliography no. 994: Health hazards of visual display units (February 1975-July 1979). Leatherhead, Surrey, England: The Research Association for the Paper and Board, Printing and Packing Industries, 1979, 15 pp.
129.
Radl, G. W.Experimental investigations for optimal presentation-mode and colors of symbols on the CRT-screen. In E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani (Eds.) Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals, Proceedings of the International Workshop, Milan, March, 1980. London: Taylor and Francis, 1980, 127–135.
130.
Radl, G. W.Visual display units: Present status in ergonomic research and applications in the Federal Republic of Germany. In E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani (Eds.) Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals, Proceedings of the International Workshop. Milan, March, 1980. London: Taylor and Francis, 1980, 271–76.
131.
Reading, V. M.Eye strain and reading from a screen. Reprographics Quarterly, Autumn. 1979, 12(4). 113–6.
132.
Reading, V. M. (Ed.) Visual Aspects and Ergonomics of Visual Display Units: Course Documentation. University of London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, 1978, 128 pp. (PRA-79-10802.)
133.
Rey, P. and Meyer, J. J.Visual impairments and their objective correlates. In E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani (Eds.) Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals, Proceedings of the International Workshop, Milan, March, 1980. London; Taylor and Francis, 1980, 77–83.
134.
Rosenthal, S.Ocular problems of VDUs: Fact and fiction. In Word processing: Selection. implementation and uses.Uxbridge, England: Online Conferences, Ltd., 1979, 315 pp.
135.
Rosenthal, S. and Grundy, J.VDUs and You: Information for Operators.London; Association of Optical Practitioners, 7 pp. (PRA-80-13126.)
136.
Rosenthal, S. and Grundy, J.Avoiding eye problems with VDUs. Physics in Technology, September, 1980, 11(5), 175–80, 186.
137.
Rosenthal, S. and Grundy, J.Question: Visual Display Units: Nightmare to the Operator. London: Association of Optical Practitioners, January, 1979, 5 pp. (PRA-79-10798.)
138.
Rosenthal, S. and Grundy, J.Question: Visual display units: Nightmare to the operator. Ophthalmic Optician, January 6, 1979, 19(1), 17–8.
139.
Rosenthal, S. and Grundy, J. VDUs and the eyes; The official story. Data Systems, April, 1979, 12-13.
140.
Rosenthal, S. and Grundy, J.VDU and the operator. Radio and Electronic Engineer, April, 1979, 49(4), 172–3.
141.
Rothwell, F. VDTs and health. Production Journal, No. 86, October, 1979, 25, 27, 29, 31.
142.
Seppala, P.Visual fatigue in reading microfilms. Agressologie, 1975, 16(3). 147–50.
143.
Shaffer, H.Growing concern over the VDT. Administrative Management, June, 1981, 42(6), 24–27.
144.
Smith, M. J., Cohen, B. G. F., Stammerjohn, L. W., and Happ, A. An investigation of health complaints and job stress in video display operations, Paper in Select Research Reports on Health Issues in Video Display Terminal Operations, NIOSH, April, 1981.
145.
Smith, M. J., Stammerjohn, L. W., Cohen, B. G. F., and Lalich, N. R.Job stress in video display operations. In E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani (Eds.) Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals, Proceedings of the International Workshop, Milan, March, 1980. London: Taylor and Francis, 1980, 201–210.
Socrates, G. VDUs: Small matter of health and safety. Audio Visual, No. 89, May, 1979, 95, 98.
148.
Stammerjohn, L. W., Smith, M. J., and Cohen, B. G. F. Evaluation of work station design factors in VDT Operations. Paper in Select Research Reports on Health Issues in Video Display Terminal Operations, NIOSH, April, 1981.
149.
Stark, J.Hold the front frame. New Scientist, November 30, 1978, 80(1131), 696–8.
150.
Stewart, T. F. M.Practical experiences in solving VDU ergonomics problems. In E. Grandjean and E. Vigliani (Eds.) Ergonomic Aspects of Visual Display Terminals, Proceedings of the International Workshop, Milan, March, 1980. London: Taylor and Francis, 1980, 233–40.
151.
Stewart, T. F. M.VDU ergonomics and eye strain. Ergonomics, 1979. 22(6). 727.
152.
Stewart, T. F. M.Eye strain and visual display units: A review. Displays-Technology and Applications, April, 1979, 1(1). 25–32.
153.
Stewart, T. F. M. Review of VDU ergonomics. Paper presented at the One-day Meeting on Eye Strain and VDUs. Loughborough University of Technology, December 15, 1978, edited transcript, 1-11.
154.
Stewart, T. F. M.VET (VDU eye tests): The need for long term monitoring (Eye tests for VDU operators: A discussion document). Paper presented at the One-day Meeting on Eye Strain and VDUs, Loughborough University of Technology, December 15, 1978, edited transcript, 37–41.
155.
Stone, P. T.Discussant. Paper presented at the One-day Meeting on Eye Strain and VDUs, Loughborough University of Technology, December 15, 1978, edited transcript, 58 pp.
156.
Stone, P. T.Model for the Visual System Response in Eye Strain with Particular Reference to the Viewing of CRT Display Screens.Loughborough University of Technology, Department of Ergonomics and Cybernetics, June, 1974, 12 pp.
157.
Thornton, C.Question: VDUs: A nightmare to the operator. Data Processing, February, 1980, 22(2), 12–6.
158.
Timbs, O. VDUs: An operator's view. Occupational Health, August, 1978, 363.
159.
Ungar, P.Eye strain and VDUs: Joint AVA-Ergonomics Society conference. Ophthalmic Optician, January 20, 1979, 19(2), 38.
160.
Van Gelder, A. H. B. T. H.Working with visual display terminals. IGT Nieuws, June, 1977, 30(3), 61–3. (In Dutch.)
161.
VET Advisory Group. Eye tests for VDU operators: Discussion document. Loughborough University of Technology. PRA-79-10800, 1978, 7 pp. (Also appears as Appendix II in A. Cakir, D. J. Hart, and T. F. M. Stewart, Visual display terminals: A manual covering workplace design, health, and safety task organization.)
162.
Villani, S. and Cipolla, B.Ergo-ophthalmology and Ergo-optometry, Atti Della Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi, May-June, 1979, 34(3), 237–43. (In Italian.)
163.
Walther, R.Humane formulation of work at the visual display unit. Part-3: Stress and organization of work. Druckspiegel, May, 1979, 34(5), 487–90. (In German; PIRA translation No. 2106.)
164.
Walther, R.Humanized organization of work at the VDU screen. Druckspiegel, April, 1979, 34(4), 386–90. (In German.)
165.
Walther, R.Humane organization of work at the VOU screen. Druckspiegel, March, 1977, 34(3), 260–2. (In German.)
166.
Warr, A.Review article: Operating VDUs: Work organization and subjective effects on operator health and psychology. Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments, May, 1981, 14(5), 530–40.
167.
Weale, R.Question: Health hazards of VDUs. New Scientist, April 9, 1981, 90(1248), 105.
168.
Weale, R. A.Review: Ergonomic aspects of visual display terminals. New Scientist, February 12, 1981, 89(1240), 424.
169.
Weale, R. A.Occupational safety and vision. In IFRA Symposium on Health, Safety and Ecology in Newspaper Plants, Copenhagen, September 11-12, 1979, 7 pp.
170.
Weale, R. A.Less demanding than a typewriter: Vision and VDUs. Optician, July 21, 1978, 176(4545), 10.
171.
Wilkins, A. J.Epileptogenic attributes of TV and VDUs. Paper presented at the One-day Meeting on Eye Strain and VOUs, Loughborough University of Technology, December 15, 1978, edited transcript, 27-35
172.
Working Group 35. Effects of Microwave Radiation on the Lens of the Eye.Washington, D. C.: National Research Council, Assembly of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Committee on Vision, National Academy Press, 1981, 13 pp.
173.
Yanchinski, S.Newspapers cast worried eye at TV screens. New Scientist, February 16, 1978, 77(1090). 413.
