This paper discusses the complex issues involved in the design of aircrew simulation training devices. It addresses methods for defining training requirements, fidelity, performance measurement, instructional features, and crew coordination. A research evaluation of a device using these methods is presented.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AdamsJ. A.Part trainers. In FinchG. (Ed.), Educational and training media: A symposium.Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council,1960.
2.
BrabyR.HenryJ. M.ParrishW. F.SwopeW. M.A technique for choosing cost-effective instructional delivery systems. Orlando, Florida: U.S. Naval Training Analysis and Evaluation Group, TAEG Report No. 16, April, 1975.
3.
CharlesJ. P.WillardG.HealeyG.Instructor pilot's role in simulator training.Orlando, FloridaNaval Training Equipment Center, Technical Report NAVTRAEQUIPCEN 75-C-0093-1, March, 1973.
4.
CreamB. W.A functional integrated systems trainer for individual and crew coordination training. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Symposium on Psychology in the Air Force, 1974.
5.
CreamB. W.Training requirements and simulator utilization. Proceedings First International Learning Technology Congress and Exposition, Volume IV, July, 1976.
6.
CreamB. W.EggemeierF. T.KleinG. A.Behavioral data in the design of aircrew training devices. In HaleR. N.McKnightR. A.MossJ. R. (Eds.) Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 19th Annual Meeting.1975, 260–265.
7.
CreamB. W.LambertsonD. C.A functional integrated systems trainer: Volume II technical design and operation. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio.: Advanced Systems Division, Air Force Human Resources Laboratory, Technical Report AFHRL-TR-75-6. February, 1975.
8.
CreamB. W.WoodruffK. R.A functional integrated systems trainer: Volume I, description and evaluation. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Advanced Systems Division, Air Force Human Resources Laboratory, Technical Report AFHRL-TR-75-6, in press.
GagnéR. M.Training devices and simulators: Some research issues. American Psychologist, 1954, 9, 95–107.
11.
GoldsteinI. L.Training: program development and evaluation.Monterey, California: Brooks/Cole,1974.
12.
KleinG. A.Problems and opportunities in deriving training requirements for the design and utilization of simulators. Proceedings First International Learning Technology Congress and Exposition, Volume IV, July, 1976(a).
13.
KleinG. A.Phenomenological analysis of proficient man/machine performance. Paper presented at the 38th Military Operations Research Society Meetings, December, 1976(b).
14.
LumsdaineA. A.Design of training aids and training devices. In JohnD. Folley (Ed.), Human factors methods for systems design.Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: American Institute for Research,1960.
15.
MillerG. G.GardnerE. M.Advanced simulator performance specification for an F-111 test station. Lowry AFB, Colorado: Technical Training Division, Air Force Human Resources Laboratory, Technical Report AFHRL-TR-75-70, November, 1975.
16.
MillerR. B.Handbook on training and training equipment design. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Wright Air Development Center, Technical Report WADC 53–136, June, 1953.
17.
MillerR. B.A method for determining task strategies. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Advanced Systems Division, Air Force Human Resources Laboratory, Technical Report AFHRL-TR-74-26, May, 1975.
18.
MontemerloM. D.TennysonM. E.Instructional systems development: Conceptual analysis and comprehensive bibliography. Orlando, Florida: Naval Training Equipment Center, Technical Report NAVTRAEQUIPCEN IH-257, February, 1976.
19.
ParkerJ. F.DownsJ. E.Selection of training media. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Aeronautical Systems Division, Aerospace Medical Laboratory, Technical Report ASD-TR-61-473, September, 1961.
20.
SmodeA. F.Recent developments in instructor station design and utilization for flight simulators. Human Factors, 1974, 16, 1–18.
21.
SmodeA. F.HallE. R.Translating information requirements into training device fidelity requirements. In HaleR. N.McKnightR. A.MossJ. R. (Eds.). Proceedings Human Factors Society 19th Annual Meeting, 1975, 33–36.
22.
United States Air Force Manual 50–2, Instructional System Development, December, 1970.
23.
United States Air Force Pamphlet 50–58, Handbook for Designers of Instructional Systems, January, 1974.