EliaszKStępieńKWojtylakM, et alLong-term clinical relevance of hyponatremia identified during acute phase of myocardial infarction. J Clin Med. 2025;14(3):962. doi:10.3390/jcm14030962
2.
UpadhyayAJaberBLMadiasNE E. Epidemiology of hyponatremia. Am J Med. 2006;119(7 Suppl 1):S30-S35. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.05.005
3.
WaikarSSMountDBCurhanGC.Mortality after hospitalization with mild, moderate, and severe hyponatremia. Am J Med. 2009;122(9):857-865. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.01.027
4.
VerbalisJGGoldsmithSRGreenbergA, et alDiagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hyponatremia: expert panel recommendations. Am J Med. 2013;126(10 Suppl 1):S1-S42. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.07.006
5.
UpadhyayAJaberBLMadiasNE.Epidemiology of hyponatremia. Semin Nephrol. 2009;29(3):227-238. doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2009.03.004
6.
BoscoeAParamoreCVerbalisJG.Cost of illness of hyponatremia in the United States. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2006;4:10. doi:10.1186/1478-7547-4-10
JohnsonJABootmanJL.Drug-related morbidity and mortality and the economic impact of pharmaceutical care. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1997;54(5):554-558. doi:10.1093/ajhp/54.5.554
9.
ZuckerIPrendergastBJ.Sex differences in pharmacokinetics predict adverse drug reactions in women. Biol Sex Differ. 2020;11(1):32. doi:10.1186/s13293-020-00308-5
10.
AndersonGD.Gender differences in pharmacological response. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2008;83:1-10. doi:10.1016/S0074-7742(08)00001-9
11.
StachenfeldNS.Sex hormone effects on body fluid regulation. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2008;36(3):152-159. doi:10.1097/JES.0b013e31817be928
12.
StachenfeldNS.Hormonal changes during menopause and the impact on fluid regulation. Reprod Sci. 2014;21(5):555-561. doi:10.1177/1933719113518992
13.
LiuJSharmaNZhengW, et alSex differences in vasopressin V₂ receptor expression and vasopressin-induced antidiuresis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2011;300(2):F433-F440. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00199.2010
14.
TahaeiEColemanRSaritasTEllisonDHWellingPA.Distal convoluted tubule sexual dimorphism revealed by advanced 3D imaging. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2020;319(5):F754-F764. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00441.2020
15.
HuRMcDonoughAALaytonAT.Sex differences in solute and water handling in the human kidney: modeling and functional implications. iScience. 2021;24(6):102667. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102667
16.
HendriksenLCMouissieMSHeringsRMCvan der LindenPDVisserLE.Women have a higher risk of hospital admission associated with hyponatremia than men while using diuretics. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1409271. doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1409271
17.
ManteuffelMWilliamsSChenWVerbruggeRRPittmanDGSteinkellnerA.Influence of patient sex and gender on medication use, adherence, and prescribing alignment with guidelines. J Womens Health. 2014;23(2):112-119. doi:10.1089/jwh.2012.3972
18.
KandoJCYonkersKAColeJO.Gender as a risk factor for adverse events to medications. Drugs. 1995;50(1):1-6. doi:10.2165/00003495-199550010-00001
19.
National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT). Annual Report 2023. ISTAT; 2023.
MorinCChevalierI.Severe hypernatremic dehydration and lower limb gangrene in an infant exposed to lamotrigine, aripiprazole, and sertraline in breast milk. Breastfeed Med. 2017;12:377-380. doi:10.1089/bfm.2017.0031
22.
JacobSSpinlerSA.Hyponatremia associated with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in older adults. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(9):1618-1622. doi:10.1345/aph.1G293
23.
ShepshelovichDSchechterACalvaryskyBDiker-CohenTRozen-ZviBGafter-GviliA.Medication-induced SIADH: distribution and characterization according to medication class. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;83(8):1801-1807. doi:10.1111/bcp.13256
24.
FalhammarHLindhJDCalissendorffJ, et alDifferences in associations of antiepileptic drugs and hospitalization due to hyponatremia: A population-based case-control study. Seizure. 2018;59:28-33. Erratum in: Seizure. 2021 Jan;84:99-100. doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2020.11.010
25.
KlungelOHde BoerAPaesAHSeidellJCBakkerA.Sex differences in antihypertensive drug use: determinants of the choice of medication for hypertension. J Hypertens. 1998;16(10):1545-1553. doi:10.1097/00004872-199816100-00021
26.
RodenburgEMStrickerBHVisserLE.Sex-related differences in hospital admissions attributed to adverse drug reactions in the Netherlands. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;71(1):95-104. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03811.x
27.
YamazoeMMizunoAKohsakaS, et alIncidence of hospital-acquired hyponatremia by the dose and type of diuretics among patients with acute heart failure and its association with long-term outcomes. J Cardiol. 2018;71(6):550-556. doi:10.1016/j.jjcc.2017.09.015
28.
HendriksenLCvan der LindenPDHeringsRMCStrickerBHVisserLE.Women on diuretics have a higher risk of hospital admission because of hyponatremia than men. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2023;32(6):635-642. doi:10.1002/pds.5592
29.
TasdemirVOguzAKSayınIErgunI.Hyponatremia in the outpatient setting: clinical characteristics, risk factors, and outcome. Int Urol Nephrol. 2015;47(12):1977-1983. doi:10.1007/s11255-015-1134-6
30.
SharabiYIllanRKamariY, et alDiuretic induced hyponatraemia in elderly hypertensive women. J Hum Hypertens. 2002;16(9):631-635. doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001458
31.
Kovess-MasfetyVBoydAvan de VeldeS, et alAre there gender differences in service use for mental disorders across countries in the European Union? Results from the EU-World Mental Health survey. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2014;68(7):649-656. doi:10.1136/jech-2013-202962
32.
MartinLANeighborsHWGriffithDM.The experience of symptoms of depression in men vs women: analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. JAMA Psychiatr. 2013;70(10):1100-1106. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1985
33.
Thunander SundbomLBingeforsKHedborgKIsacsonD. Are men under-treated and women over-treated with antidepressants? Findings from a cross-sectional survey in Sweden. BJPsych Bull. 2017;41(3):145-150. doi:10.1192/pb.bp.116.054270
34.
KeersRAitchisonKJ.Gender differences in antidepressant drug response. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2010;22(5):485-500. doi:10.3109/09540261.2010.496448
35.
Estévez AsensioLGarcíaMVerde RelloZVelasco-GonzálezVFernández-AraqueAMSainz-GilM.Drug-induced hyponatraemia and possible related signals: analysis of 659 cases reported to the Spanish pharmacovigilance system and disproportionality analysis. Med Clin. 2024;163(12):600-608. doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2024.07.021
36.
DontasASMarketosSGPapanayiotouP.Mechanisms of renal tubular defects in old age. Postgrad Med J. 1972;48(559):295-303. doi:10.1136/pgmj.48.559.295
37.
CastellanaE.Potential risk of non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy in semaglutide users: pharmacovigilance insights. Eur J Hosp Pharm. 2025;32:194.2-19194. doi:10.1136/ejhpharm-2024-004333
