Early Acute Ischemic Stroke Management for Pharmacists

Benjamin EJ Virani SS Callaway CW , et al. AHA statistical update heart disease and stroke statistics—2018 update. Circulation. 2018;137:e67-e492.

Powers WJ Rabinstein AA Ackerson T , et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2018;49:e46-e99.

Chalela JA Kidwell CS Nentwich LM , et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in emergency assessment of patients with suspected acute stroke: a prospective comparison. Lancet. 2007;369:293-298.

Barber PA Hill MD Eliasziw M , et al. Imaging of the brain in acute ischaemic stroke: comparison of computed tomography and magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:1528-1533.

Heidenreich JO Hsu D Wang G , et al. Magnetic resonance imaging results can affect therapy decisions in hyperacute stroke care. Acta Radiol. 2008;49:550-557.

Lexicomp Online, Lexi-Drugs. Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp Inc; June 12, 2018.

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1581-1587.

Hacke W Kast M Fieschi C , et al. Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute hemispheric stroke (ECASS). JAMA. 1995;274(13):1017-1025.

Hacke W Kaste M Fieschi C , et al. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thrombolytic therapy with intravenous alteplase in acute ischaemic stroke (ECASS II). Lancet. 1998;352:1245-1251.

Clark WM Albers GW Madden KP Hamilton S. The rtPA (alteplase) 0- to 6-hour acute stroke trial, part A (A0276g) (ATLANTIS A). Stroke. 2000;31:811-816.

Clark WM Wissman S Albers GW , et al. Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (alteplase) for ischemic stroke 3 to 5 hours after symptom onset (ATLANTIS B). JAMA. 1999;282(21):2019-2026.

IST-3 Collaborative Group. The benefits and harms of intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator within 6 h of acute ischaemic stroke (the third international stroke trial [IST-3]): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;379:2352-2363.

Hacke W Kaste M Bluhmki E , et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke (ECASS 3). N Engl J Med. 2008;359(15):1317-1329.

Demaerschalk BM Kleindorfer DO Adeoye OM , et al. Scientific rationale for the inclusion and exclusion criteria for intravenous alteplase in acute ischemic stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016;47(2):581-641.

Wardlaw JM Murray V Eivind B , et al. Thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;29(7):CD000213.

Thomalla G Simonsen CZ Boutitie F , et al. MRI-guided thrombolysis for stroke with unknown time of onset [published online ahead of print May 16, 2018]. N Engl J Med. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1804355.

Schwamm LH Wu O Song SS , et al. Intravenous thrombolysis in unwitnessed stroke onset: MR WITNESS trial results. Ann Neurol. 2018;83(5):980-993. doi:10.1002/ana.25235.

Anderson CS Robinson T Lindley RI , et al. Low-dose versus standard-dose intravenous alteplase in acute ischemic stroke (ENCHANTED). N Engl J Med. 2016;374(34):3213-3223.

Butcher K Christensen S Parson M , et al. Postthrombolysis blood pressure elevation is associated with hemorrhagic transformation. Stroke. 2010;41(1):72-77.

Waltimo T Haapaniemi E Surakka IL , et al. Post-thrombolytic blood pressure and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage. Eur J Neurol. 2016;23(12):1757-1762.

Berge E Cohen G Lindley RI , et al. Effects of blood pressure and blood pressure-lowering treatment during the first 24 hours among patients in the third international stroke trial of thrombolytic treatment for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2015;46(12):3362-3369.

Stead LG Gilmore RM Vedula KC Weaver AL Decker WW Brown RD Jr. Impact of acute blood pressure variability on ischemic stroke outcome. Neurology. 2006;66(12):1878-1881.

Logallo N Novotny V Assmus J , et al. Tenecteplase versus alteplase for management of acute ischaemic stroke (NOR-TEST): a phase 3, randomised, open-label, blinded endpoint trial. Lancet. 2017;16:781-788.

Hill M. A Randomized Controlled Trial of TNK-tPA Versus Standard of Care for Minor Ischemic Stroke With Proven Occlusion (TEMPO-2). ClinicalTrials.gov. Date unknown. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02398656. Accessed 22 June, 2018.

Campbell BCV Mitchell PJ Churilov L , et al. Tenecteplase versus alteplase before thrombectomy for ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:1573-1582.

Campbell B . Determining the Optimal Dose of Tenecteplase Before Endovascular Therapy for Ischaemic Stroke (EXTEND-IA TNK Part 2). ClinicalTrials.gov. Date unknown. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03340493 Accessed 3 May, 2018.

Parsons M Spratt N Bivard A , et al. A randomized trial of tenecteplase versus alteplase for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1099-1107.

Huang X Cheripelli BK Lloyd SM , et al. Alteplase versus tenecteplase for thrombolysis after ischaemic stroke (ATTEST): a phase 2, randomized, open-label, blinded endpoint study. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(4):368-376.

Beumer D Saiedie G Fonvile S , et al. Intra-arterial occlusion in acute ischemic stroke: relative frequency in an unselected population. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;35:66.

Heldner MR Zubler C Mattle HP. National Institutes of health Stroke Scale score and vessel occlusion in 2152 patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2013;44:1153-1157.

Christou I Burgin WS Alandrov AV Grotta JC. Arterial status after intravenous TPA therapy for ischaemic stroke: a need for further interventions. Int Angiol. 2001;20:208-213.

Broderick JP Palesch YY Demchuk AM , et al. Endovascular therapy after intravenous t-PA versus t-PA alone for stroke. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:893-903.

Ciccone A Valvassori L Nichelatti M , et al. Endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:904-913.

Kidwell CS Jahan R Gornbein J , et al. A trial of imaging selection and endovascular treatment for ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:914-923.

Berkhemer OA Fransen PSS Beumer D , et al. A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke (MR CLEAN). N Engl J Med. 2015;372:11-20.

Jovin TG Chamorro A Cobo E , et al. Thrombectomy within 8 hours after symptom onset in ischemic stroke (REVASCAT). N Engl J Med. 2015;372:2296-2306.

Saver JL Goyal M Bonafe A , et al. Stent-retriever thrombectomy after intravenous t-PA vs. t-pa alone (SWIFT-PRIME). N Engl J Med. 2015;372:2285-2295.

Goyal M Demchuk AM Menon BK , et al. Randomized assessment of rapid endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke (ESCAPE). N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1019-1030.

Campbell BC Mitchell PJ Kleinig TJ , et al. Endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke with perfusion-imaging selection (EXTEND-IA). N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1009-1018.

Bracar S Ducrocq X Mas JL , et al. Mechanical thrombectomy after intravenous alteplase versus alteplase alone after stroke (THRACE): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15:1138-1147.

Nogueira RG Jadhav AP Haussen DC , et al. Thrombectomy 6 to 24 hours after stroke with a mismatch between deficit and infarct (DAWN). N Engl J Med. 2018;378:11-21.

Albers GW Marks MP Kemp S , et al. Thrombectomy for stroke at 6 to 16 hours with selection by perfusion imaging. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:708-718.

Mistry EA Mistry AM Nakaway MO , et al. Systolic blood pressure within 24 hours after thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke correlates with outcome. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6:e006167.

Goyal N Tsivgoulis G Pandhi A , et al. Blood pressure levels post mechanical thrombectomy and outcomes in non-recanalized large vessel occlusion patients [published online ahead of print January 11, 2018]. J Neurointervent Surg. 2018:1-7.

Zhang J Peng Y Fan H Chen M Xu T Zhang Y. Blood pressure and early clinical outcome among acute ischemic stroke patients. Can J Neurol Sci. 2011;38:225-229.

Wu W Huo X Zhao X , et al. Relationship between blood pressure and outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients administered lytic medication in the TIMS-China Study. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0144260.

Tomii Y Toyoda K Suzuki R , et al. Effects of 24-hour blood pressure and heart rate recorded with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring on recovery from acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2011;42:3511-3517.

Tien YT Chang MH Lee YS Liaw YF Chen PL. Pulse blood pressure correlates with late outcome in acute ischemic stroke without significant culprit artery stenosis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2016;25:1229-1234.

Serrano-Ponz M Rodrigo-Gasque C Siles E Martínez-Lara E Ochoa-Callejero L Martínez A. Temporal profiles of blood pressure, circulating nitric oxide, and adrenomedullin as predictors of clinical outcome in acute ischemic stroke patients. Mol Med Rep. 2016;13:3724-3734.

Leonardi-Bee J Bath PM Phillips SJ Sandercock PA IST Collaborative Group. Blood pressure and clinical outcomes in the International Stroke Trial. Stroke. 2002;33:1315-1320.

Ishitsuka K Kamouchi M Hata J , et al. High blood pressure after acute ischemic stroke is associated with poor clinical outcomes: Fukuoka Stroke Registry. Hypertension. 2014;63:54-60.

Gill D Cox T Aravind A , et al. A fall in systolic blood pressure 24 hours after thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke is associated with early neurological recovery. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2016;25:1539-1543.

Geeganage C Tracy M England T , et al. Relationship between baseline blood pressure parameters (including mean pressure, pulse pressure, and variability) and early outcome after stroke: data from the Tinzaparin in Acute Ischaemic Stroke Trial (TAIST). Stroke. 2011;42:491-493.

Castillo J Leira R Garcia MM Serena J Blanco M Dávalos A. Blood pressure decrease during the acute phase of ischemic stroke is associated with brain injury and poor stroke outcome. Stroke. 2004;35:520-256.

Bentsen L Ovesen C Christensen AF Christensen H. Does the admission blood pressure associate with short- and long term outcome in stroke patients treated with thrombolysis? A single center study. Int J Hypertens. 2013;2013:610353.

Ahmed N Wahlgren N Brainin M , et al. Relationship of blood pressure, antihypertensive therapy, and outcome in ischemic stroke treated with intravenous thrombolysis: retrospective analysis from SAFE Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke-International Stroke Thrombolysis Register (SITS-ISTR). Stroke. 2009;40:2442-2449.

International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. The International Stroke Trial (IST): a randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet. 1997;349(9065):1569-1581.

Chinese Acute Stroke Trial (CAST) Collaborative Group. CAST: randomised placebo-controlled trial of early aspirin use in 20,000 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet. 1997;349(9066):1641-1649.

Wang Y Pan Y Zhao X , et al. Clopidogrel with aspirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:11-19.

Wang Y Pan Y Zhao X , et al. Clopidogrel with aspirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack (CHANCE) trial: one-year outcomes. Circulation. 2015;132:40-46.

Johnston SC Easton JD Farrant M , et al. Clopidogrel and aspirin in acute ischemic stroke and high-risk TIA. N Engl J Med. 2018; 379(3): 215-225. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1800410.

Diener HC Bogousslavsky J Brass LM , et al. Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364(9431):331-337.

Benavente OR Hart RG McClure LA , et al. Effects of clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with recent lacunar stroke. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(9):817-825.

Derdeyn CP Chimowitz MI Lynn MJ , et al. Aggressive medical treatment with or without stenting in high-risk patients with intracranial artery stenosis (SAMMPRIS): the final results of a randomised trial. Lancet. 2014;383:331-341.

Lutsep HL Barnwell SL Larsen DT , et al. Outcome in patients previously on antithrombotic therapy in the SAMMPRIS trial: subgroup analysis. Stroke. 2015;46:775-779.

Chaturvedi S Turan TN Lynn MJ , et al. Do patient characteristics explain the differences in outcome between medically treated patients in SAMMPRIS and WASID? Stroke. 2015;46:2562-2567.

Johnston SC Amarenco P Albers GW , et al. Ticagrelor versus aspirin in acute stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:35-43.

Tokuda N Koga M Ohara T , et al. Urgent detection of acute type A aortic dissection in hyperacute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2018;27:2112-2117. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.03.010.

Wang Y. Ticagrelor with aspirin on platelet reactivity in acute non-disabling cerebrovascular events (PRINCE) trial final analysis. International Stroke Conference. 2018, January; Los Angeles.

Yi X Lin J Wang C Zhang B Chi W. Low-molecular-weight heparin is more effective than aspirin in preventing early neurologic deterioration and improving six-month outcome. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23(6):1537-1544.

Sandercock PA Counsell C Kane EJ. Anticoagulants for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;12(2):CD000024.

January CT Wann LS Alpert JS , et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2014;130(23):2071-2104.

You JJ Singer DE Howard PA , et al. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis 9th ed: American College of Chest Physician Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2 suppl): e531S-e575S.

Petersen P Boysen G Godtfredsen J Andersen ED Andersen B. Placebo-controlled, randomised trial of warfarin and aspirin for prevention of thromboembolic complications in chronic atrial fibrillation. The Copenhagen AFASAK Study. Lancet. 1989;1(8631):175-179.

Connolly SJ Exekowitz MD Yusuk S , et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation (RE-LY). N Engl J Med. 2009;361(12):1139-1151.

Giugliano RP Ruff CT Braunwald E , et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation (ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48). N Engl J Med. 2013;369(22):2093-2104.

Granger CB Alexander JH McMurray JJV , et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation (ARISTOTLE). N Engl J Med. 2011;365(11):982-992.

Patel MR Mahaffey KW Garg J , et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (ROCKET-AF). N Engl J Med. 2011;365(10):883-891.

Stone NJ Robinson JG Lichtenstein AH , et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25, pt B):2889-2934.

Zhao J Zhang X Dong L Wen Y Cui L. The many roles of statins in ischemic stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2014;12(6):564-574.

Abderson TJ Meredith IT Yeung AC Frei B Selwyn AP Ganz P. The effect of cholesterol-lowering and antioxidant therapy on endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(8):488-493.

Wagner AH Kohler T Ruckschloss U Just I Hecker M. Improvement of nitric oxide-dependent vasodilatation by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors through attenuation of endothelial superoxide anion formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000;20(1):61-69.

White HD Simes RJ Anderson NE , et al. Pravastatin therapy and the risk of stroke. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(5):317-326.

Sever PS Dahlof B Poulter NR , et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LA). Lancet. 2003;361(9364):1149-1158.

Ridker PM Danielson E Fonseca FA , et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(21):2195-2207.

Sacks FM Pfeffer MA Moye LA , et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and recurrent events trial investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(14):1001-1009.

Amarenco P Bogousslavsky J Callahan A , et al. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med. 2006;335(6):549-559.

Amarenco P Goldstein LB Szarek M , et al. Effects of intense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack: the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial. Stroke. 2007;38(12):3198-3204.

Saposnik G Fonarow GC Pan W , et al. Guideline-directed low-density lipoprotein management in high-risk patients with ischemic stroke: findings from Get with the Guidelines-Stroke 2003 to 2012. Stroke. 2014;45(11):3343-3351.

Montaner J Chacon P Krupinsky J , et al. Simvastatin in the acute phase of ischemic stroke: a safety and efficacy pilot trial. Eur J Neurol. 2008;15(1):82-90.

Ford AL An H D’Angelo G , et al. Preexisting statin use is associated with greater reperfusion in hyperacute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2011;42(5):1307-1313.

Ni chroinin D Callaly EL Duggan J , et al. Association between acute statin therapy, survival, and improved functional outcome after ischemic stroke: the North Dublin Population Stroke Study. Stroke. 2011;42(4):1021-1029.

Yoshimura S Uchida K Daimon T , et al. Randomized controlled trial of early versus delayed statin therapy in patients with acute ischemic stroke: ASSORT Trial (Administration of Statin on Acute Ischemic Stroke Patient). Stroke. 2017;48(11):3057-3063.

Kennedy J Hill MD Ryckborst KJ , et al. Fast assessment of stroke and transient ischaemic attack to prevent early recurrence (FASTER): a randomised controlled pilot trial. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(11):961-969.

Heo JH Song D Nam HS , et al. Effect and safety of rosuvastatin in acute ischemic stroke. J Stroke. 2016;18(1):87-95.

Elkind MS. Neuroprotection With Statin Therapy for Acute Recovery Trial Phase 2 (NeuSTART2). Date unknown. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01976936. Accessed 18 April, 2018.

Blanco M Nombela F Castellanos M , et al. Statin treatment withdrawal in ischemic stroke: a controlled randomized study. Neurology. 2007;69(9):904-910.

Rinde LB Smabrekke B Matheisen EB , et al. Ischemic stroke and risk of venous thromboembolism in the general population: the Tromsø study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(11):e004311.

Dennis M Sandercock P Graham C , et al. The Clots in Legs Or sTockings after Stroke (CLOTS) 3 trial: a randomised controlled trial to determine whether or not intermittent pneumatic compression reduces the risk of post-stroke deep vein thrombosis and to estimate its cost-effectiveness. Health Technol Assess. 2015;19(67):1-90.

Sherman DG Albers GW Bladin C , et al. The efficacy and safety of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after acute ischaemic stroke (PREVAIL study): an open-label randomised comparison. Lancet. 2007;369(9570):1347-1355.

Hill MD Buchan AM. Thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke: results of the Canadian Alteplase for Stroke Effectiveness Study. CMAJ. 2005;172:1307-1312.

Hill MD Lye T Moss H , et al. Hemi-orolingual angioedema and ACE inhibition after alteplase treatment of stroke. Neurology. 2003;60:1525-1527.

Molinaro G Gervais N Adam A. Biochemical basis of angioedema associated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator treatment: an in vitro experimental approach. Stroke. 2002;33:1712-1716.

Hill MD Barber PA Takahashi J Demchuk AM Feasby TE Buchan AM. Anaphylactoid reactions and angioedema during alteplase treatment of acute ischemic stroke. CMAJ. 2000;162:1281-1284.

Grant NN Deep ZE Chia SH. Clinical experience with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced angioedema. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;137:931-935.

Fugate JE Kalimullah EA Wijdicks EFM . Angioedema after tPA: what neurointensivists should know. Neurocrit Care. 2012;16:440-443.

Shaps HJ Snyder GE Sama AE Rudolph GS. Airway compromise secondary to lingual hematoma complicating administration of tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;38:447-449.

Bas M Greve J Stelter K , et al. Therapeutic efficacy of icatibant in angioedema induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a case series. Ann Emerg Med. 2010;56:278-282.

Mueller HS Rao AK Forman SA. Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI): comparative studies of coronary reperfusion and systemic fibrinogenolysis with two forms of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987;10:479-490.

Topol EJ Morris DC Smalling RW , et al. A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of a new form of intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (activase) in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987;9:1205-1213.

Sun X Berthiller J Trouillas P Derex L Diallo L Hanss M. Early fibrinogen degradation coagulopathy: a predictive factor of parenchymal hematomas in cerebral rt-PA thrombolysis. J Neurol Sci. 2015;351:109-114.

Trouillas P Derex L Philippeau F , et al. Early fibrinogen degradation coagulopathy is predictive of parenchymal hematomas in cerebral rt-PA thrombolysis: a study of 157 cases. Stroke J Cereb Circ. 2004;35:1323-1328.

Matrat A De Mazancourt P Derex L , et al. Characterization of a severe hypofibrinogenemia induced by alteplase in two patients thrombolysed for stroke. Thromb Res. 2013;131:e45-e48.

Yaghi S Boehme AK Dibu J , et al. Treatment and outcome of thrombolysis-related hemorrhage: a multicenter retrospective study. JAMA Neurol. 2015;72:1451-1457.

Frontera JA Lewin JJ Rabinstein AA , et al. Guideline for reversal of antithrombotics in intracranial hemorrhage: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society and Society of Critical Care Medicine. Neurocrit Care. 2016;24:6-46.

Broderick J Connolly S Feldmann E , et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in adults: 2007 update. Stroke. 2007;38:2001-2023.

Jauch EC Saver JL Adams HP , et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2013;44:870-947.

French KF White J Hoesch RE. Treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage with tranexamic acid after thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator. Neurocrit Care. 2012;17:107-111.

Goldstein JN Marrero M Masrur S , et al. Management of thrombolysis-associated symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage. Arch Neurol. 2010;67:965-999.

The Joint Commission. Specifications Manual for National Hospital Inpatient Quality Measures. Date unknown. https://www.jointcommission.org/specifications_manual_for_national_hospital_inpatient_quality_measures.aspx. Accessed June 11, 2018.