THIS study was designed to examine the relative value of academic achievement as an independent predictor of young people smoking. A wide range of variables was used in the analyses, including measures related to family background, attitudes to smoking, exposure to smoking among family and friends, and self-esteem. After the effect of these variables had been taken into account, academic achievement at age 9 was not related to smoking at age 9 but academic achievement at age 11 was related to a change in smoking from age 9 to 11 years, and for boys, further change in smoking from age 11 to age 13. Other predictors of smoking at these ages varied as a function of age and gender.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Bewley B.Bland JM & Hams R.Factors associated with starting of cigarette smoking by pnmary schoolchildrenBntish Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine1974, 2837-44
2.
O'Connell DL Alexander HM Dobson AJ Lloyd DM Hardes GR Spnngthorpe HJ & Leeder SR Cigarette smoking and drug use in schoolchildien 11 factors associated with smokingInternational Journal of Epidemiology1981, 10223-231
3.
Murray M.Kiryluk S & Swan AV Relation between parents' and childrens' smoking behaviour and attitudesJournal of Epidemiology and Community Health1985, 39169-174
4.
Hom D.Courts FATaylor MA & Solomon ESCigarette smoking among high school studentsAmerican Journal of Public Health1987, 491497-1511
5.
Levitt EE & Edwards JAA multivariate study of correlative factors in youthful cigarette smokingDevelopmental Psychology1980, 25-11
6.
Krohn MDNaughton MJ & Lauer RMAdolescent cigarette use The relationship between attitudes and behaviourMorbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Psychosocial predictors of smoking among adolescents1987, 36(4S) 25-33
7.
Borland BL & Rudolph JPRelative effects of low socio-economic status, parental smoking and poor scholastic performance on smoking among high school studentsSocial Science and Medicine1976, 927-30
8.
Reeder LGSociocultural factors in the etiology of smoking behaviour An assessment In Jarvik ME, Cullen JW, Gntz ER, Vogt TM, & West LJ Research on Smoking BehaviourNational Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Research Monograph 17, MarylandDepartment of Health, Education and Welfare, 1977
9.
Lanese RRBanks FR & Keller MD Smoking behaviour in a teenage population A multivariate conceptual approachAmencan Journal of Public Health1972, 62807-813
10.
Oei TpsEgan AM & Silva PAFactors associated with the initiation of "smoking" in nine year old childrenAdvances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse1986 , 579-89
11.
Oei TP & Fae A.Smoking prevention program for children A reviewJournal of Drug Education1987, 17: 11-42
12.
UsdhhsThe health consequences of smoking for women A report of the Surgeon GeneralMarylandDepartment of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Public Health Service. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, 1980
13.
Murray M.Swan AV Johnson MRD & Bewley BR Some factors associated with increased nsk of smoking by childrenJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry1983, 24223-232
14.
Skinner WF Massey JL Krohn MD & Lauer RM Social influences and constraints on the initiation and cessation of adolescent tobacco useJournal of Behavioural Medicine1985, 4353-376
15.
McCaul KDGlasgow R.O'Neill HKFreeborn V. & Rump BSPredicting adolescent smoking. Journal of School Health1982; 52342-346
16.
Hover SJ & Gaffney LRFactors associated with smoking behaviour in adolescent girlsAddictive Behaviours1988, 13: 139-145
17.
Pederson LLBaskerville JC & Lefcoe NM Prevalence and factors relating to cigarette smoking among students in grade 6Journal of Drug Education1983, 13305-312
18.
Pederson LL & Lefcoe NMCross sectional analysis of vanables related to cigarette smoking in late adolescenceJournal of Drug Education1985, 15225-240
19.
McNeill ADJarvis MJStapleton JARussell MAH Eiser JRGammage P. & Gray EMProspective study of factors predicting uptake of smoking in adolescentsJournal of Epidemiology and Community Health1988, 4372-78
20.
Stanton WRSilvaPA & Oei TpsPrevalence of smoking in a Dunedin sample followed from age 9 to 15 yearsNew Zealand Medical Journal1989, 102637-639
21.
Silva PAThe Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study A fifteen year longitudinal study Paediatncs and PennatalEpidemiology1990, 476-107.
22.
Elley WR & Irving JCRevised socio-economic index for New ZealandNew Zealand Journal of Educational Studies1976, 1125-36
23.
Silva PAMcGee RO & Williams SM Family size, ordinal position, socio-economic status, and child developmentNew Zealand Medical Journal1982, 95371-373
Parnicky JJWilliams SM & Silva PA Family environment scale A Dunedin (New Zealand) pilot studyAustralian Psychologist1985, 20195-204
26.
Kirk SAMcCarthy JJ & Kirk WDThe Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (Revised)Urbana, IllinoisThe University of Illinois Press, 1968
27.
Silva PAMcGee RO & Williams SM Developmental language delay from three to seven years and its significance for low intelligence and reading difficulties at age sevenDevelopmental Medicine and Child Neurology1983, 25783-793
28.
Scottish Council for Educational ResearchThe Burt Word Reading Test, 1974 RevisionLondon, Hodder and Stoughton, 1976
29.
Silva PAMcGee RO & Williams SM Some characteristics of nine year old boys with general reading backwardness and specific reading retardationJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry1985, 26407-421.
30.
31.
Elley WB & Reid NAProgressive Achievement Tests Teachers' Manual Reading ComprehensionWellingtonNew Zealand Council for Educational Research1969
32.
Elley WB & Reid NAProgressive Achievement Tests Teachers' Manual Listening ComprehensionWellingtonNew Zealand Council for Educational Research1971
33.
Reid NA & Hughes DCProgressive Achievement Tests Teachers' Manual MathematicsWellingtonNew Zealand Council for Educational Research1974
34.
35.
Pederson LL & Lefcoe NMChange in smoking status among a cohort of late adolescents prediction and explanation of initiation, maitenance and cessationInternational Journal of Epidemiology1986, 15519-526
36.
Ary DV & Biglan A.Longitudinal changes in adolescent cigarette smoking behaviour onset and cessation . Journal of Behavioural Medicine1985, 11361-382.
