Studies investigating the determinants of international news flow in the past few decades are systematically reviewed and analyzed. The factors found in these various studies can be demarcated into two broad categories: gatekeeper perspective and logistical perspective. A synthetic profile of the past studies is also provided, which includes the regions and topics covered by international news, geographic distribution of the studies' locales, space/newshole allotted for different regions, and media examined by the studies. The article ends with a critique of the past studies and offers some prospects for future research on this topic.
Adams, W.C. (1986) `Whose Lives Count? TV Coverage of Natural Disasters', Journal of Communication36(2): 113-122.
2.
Ahern, T.J., Jr (1984) `Determinants of Foreign Coverage in Newspapers', in R.L. Stevenson and D.L. Shaw (eds) Foreign News and the New World Information Order. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
3.
Allen, J. and C. Hamnett (eds) (1995) A Shrinking World?New York: Oxford University Press.
4.
Amanpour, C. (1996) `Television's Role in Foreign Policy', The Quill84(3): 16-17.
5.
Atwood, L.E. (1985) `Old Colonial Ties and News Coverage of Africa', paper presented at the International Communication Association Convention, Honolulu, HI, May.
6.
Ayish, M. (1992) `International Communication in the 1990s: Implications for the Third World', International Affairs68(3): 487-510.
7.
Becker, L.B. , P.S. Underwood and D. Lemish (1980) `Coverage of the US: A Study of the Yugoslav Press', paper presented at the 12th General Assembly and Scientific Conference of the International Association for Mass Communication Research, Caracas, Venezuela, August.
8.
Boyd-Barrett, O. (1980) The International News Agencies. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
9.
Cassara, C. (1993) `International News in Six American Newspapers: Last Look at a Bipolar World?', paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication National Convention, Kansas City, August.
10.
Chang, T.-K. (1997) `All Countries not Created Equal to be News: World System and International Communication', paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication National Convention, Chicago, August.
11.
Chang, T.-K. and J. Lee (1992) `Factors Affecting Gatekeepers' Selection of Foreign News: A National Survey of Newspaper Editors', Journalism Quarterly69(3): 554-561.
12.
Chang, T.-K. , P.J. Shoemaker and N. Brendlinger (1987) `Determinants of International News Coverage in the US Media', Communication Research14(4): 396-414.
13.
Chang, W.H. and J.H. Han (1985) `Gatekeeping Control of International News: A Case Study of Yonhap News Agency in Korea', paper presented at the Annual Convention of International Communication Association, Honolulu, HI, May.
14.
Charles, J. , L. Shore and R. Todd (1979) `The New York Times Coverage of Equatorial and Lower Africa', Journal of Communication29(2): 148-155.
15.
Chu, L. (1985) `An Organizational Perspective of International News Flow', Gazette35: 3-18.
16.
Cohen, B.C. (1963) The Press and Foreign Policy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
17.
Cooper, A.M. (1984) `Third World News on Network Television: An Inclusion/Exclusion Study of Violence', unpublished dissertation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
18.
Cooper, A.M. (1988) `Televised News of the World in Five Countries: Regional Congruity and Isolation', paper presented at the 38th Annual Conference of International Communication Association, New Orleans, May.
19.
Cutlip, S.M. (1954) `Content and Flow of AP News - From Trunk to TTS to Reader', Journalism Quarterly31: 434-446.
20.
De Verneil, A.J. (1977) `A Correlation Analysis of International Newspaper Coverage and International Economic, Communication and Demographic Relations', in B. Ruben (ed.) Communication Yearbook 1. Austin, TX: International Communication Association.
21.
Dupree, J.D. (1971) `International Communication, View from a Window on the World', Gazette17: 224-235.
22.
Fenby, J. (1986) The International News Services. New York: Schocken Books.
23.
Fryman, J.E. and B.J. Bates (1992) `Bypassing the Gateways: International News on CNN World Report', paper presented to the International Communication Association Annual Conference, Miami, FL, May.
24.
Gaddy, G.D. and E. Tanjong (1986) `Earthquake Coverage by the Western Press', Journal of Communication36(2): 105-112.
25.
Galtung, J. (1971) `A Structural Theory of Imperialism', Journal of Peace Research8(2): 81-118.
26.
Galtung, J. and M.H. Ruge (1965) `The Structure of Foreign News', Journal of Peace Research2: 64-91.
27.
Glass, G. , B. McGaw and M.L. Smith (1981) Meta-Analysis in Social Research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
28.
Hachten, W.A. (1981) The World News Prism: Changing Media, Clashing Ideologies. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
29.
Haynes, R.D., Jr (1984) `Test of Galtung's Theory of Structural Imperialism', in R.L. Stevenson and D.L. Shaw (eds) Foreign News and the New World Information Order. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
30.
Hess, S. (1996) `Media Mavens', Society33(3): 70-78.
31.
Hester, A. (1971) `An Analysis of News Flow from Developed and Developing Nations', Gazette17: 29-43.
32.
Hester, A. (1973) `Theoretical Considerations in Predicting Volume and Direction of International Information Flow', Gazette19: 238-247.
33.
Heuvel, J.V. (1993) `For the Media, a Brave (and Scary) New World', Media Studies Journal7(4): 11-20.
34.
Hicks, R.G. and A. Gordon (1974) `Foreign News Content in Israeli and US Newspapers', Journalism Quarterly51(4): 639-644.
35.
Hoge, J.F., Jr (1993) `The End of Predictability', Media Studies Journal7(4): 1-9.
36.
Hoge, J.F., Jr (1997) `Foreign News: Who Gives a Damn?', Columbia Journalism Review36(4): 48-52.
37.
Johnson, M.A. (1997) `Predicting News Flow from Mexico', Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly74(2): 315-330.
38.
Kaplan, F. (1979) `The Plight of Foreign News in the US Mass Media: An Assessment', Gazette25: 233-243.
39.
Kariel, H.G. and L.A. Rosenvall (1983) `Cultural Affinity Displayed in Canadian Daily Newspapers', Journalism Quarterly60: 431-436.
40.
Kariel, H.G. and L.A. Rosenvall (1984) `Factors Influencing International News Flow', Journalism Quarterly61: 509-516.
41.
Kim, K. and G.A. Barnett (1995) `The Determinants of International News Flow: A Network Analysis', paper presented at the Annual Convention of the International Communication Association, Albuquerque, NM, May.
42.
Larson, J.F. (1979) `International Affairs Coverage on US Network Television', Journal of Communication29(2): 136-147.
43.
Larson, J.F. (1984) Television's Window on the World: International Affairs Coverage on the US Networks. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
44.
Link, J.H. (1984) `Test of the Cultural Dependency Hypothesis', in R.L. Stevenson and D.L. Shaw (eds) Foreign News and the New World Information Order. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
45.
McPhail, T.L. (1983) Electronic Colonialism. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
46.
Masmoudi, M. (1984) `The New World Information Order', Journal of Communication29(2): 172-185.
47.
Meyer, W.H. (1989) `Global News Flows: Dependency and Neoimperialism', Comparative Political Studies22(3): 243-264.
48.
Nichols, J.S. (1975) `Increasing Reader Interest in Foreign News by Increasing Foreign News Content in Newspapers: An Experimental Test', Gazette21(4): 231-237.
49.
Nnaemeka, T. and J. Richstad (1980) `Structured Relations and Foreign News Flow in the Pacific Region', Gazette26: 235-258.
50.
Norris, P. (1995) `The Restless Searchlight: Network News Framing of the Post-Cold War World', Political Communication12(4): 357-370.
51.
Ostgaard, E. (1965) `Factors Influencing the Flow of News', Journal of Peace Research2: 39-63.
52.
Pal, A. (1993) `Coups and Elections: The Influence of Violence on Network and New York Times Coverage of Changes of Governments around the World', unpublished MA thesis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
53.
Pasadeos, Y. (1982) `International News Coverage in US News Magazines: A Content Analysis and Some Correlates', unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.
54.
Perry, D. (1987) `The Image Gap: How International News Affects Perceptions of Nations', Journalism Quarterly64(2/3): 416-421, 433.
55.
Peterson, S. (1979) `Foreign News Gatekeepers and Criteria of Newsworthiness', Journalism Quarterly58: 116-125.
56.
Peterson, S. (1981) `International News Selection by the Elite Press: A Case Study', Public Opinion Quarterly45: 143-163.
57.
Riffe, D. (1995) `Linking International News to US Interests: A Content Analysis', paper presented at the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication National Convention, Washington, DC, August.
58.
Riffe, D. , C.F. Aust and S. Sundar (1994) `The Shrinking Foreign Newshole for the New York Times', Newspaper Research Journal15(3): 74-88.
59.
Robinson, G.J. and V.M. Sparkes (1976) `International News in the Canadian and American Press: A Comparative News Flow Study', Gazette22: 203-218.
60.
Rosenblum, M. (1979) Coups and Earthquakes. New York: Harper and Row.
61.
Rosengren, K.E. (1977) `Four Types of Tables', Journal of Communication27(1): 67-75.
62.
Salwen, M.B. and F.R. Matera (1992) `Public Salience of Foreign Nations', Journalism Quarterly69(3): 623-632.
63.
Schramm, W. (1960) `The Gatekeeper: A Memorandum', in W. Schramm (ed.) Mass Communications. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
64.
Semetko, H.A. , J.B. Brzinski, D. Weaver and L. Willnat (1992) `TV News and US Public Opinion about Foreign Countries: The Impact of Exposure and Attention', International Journal of Public Opinion Research4: 18-36.
65.
Senn, L. (1988) `The Audience for Foreign News', unpublished MA thesis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
66.
Shoemaker, P.J. , T.-K. Chang and N. Brendlinger (1986) `Deviance as a Predictor of Newsworthiness: Coverage of International Events in the US Media', in M.L. McLaughlin (ed.) Communication Yearbook, 10. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
67.
Shoemaker, P.J. , L.H. Danielian and N. Brendlinger (1991) `Deviant Acts, Risky Business and US Interests: The Newsworthiness of World Events', Journalism Quarterly68(4): 781-795.
68.
Skurnik, W.A.E. (1981) `Foreign News Coverage in Six African Newspapers: The Potency of National Interests', Gazette28: 117-130.
69.
Sreberny-Mohammadi, A. (1991) `The Global and the Local in International Communications', in J. Curran and M. Gurevitch (eds) Mass Media and Society. New York: Routledge.
70.
Sreberny-Mohammadi, A. (1995) `Global News Media Cover the World', in J. Downing, A. Mohammadi and A. Sreberny-Mohammadi (eds) Questioning the Media: A Critical Introduction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
71.
Starck, K. and E. Villanueva (1992) `Cultural Framing: Foreign Correspondents and their Work', paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication National Convention, Montreal, Canada, August.
72.
Stevenson, R.L. (1994) Global Communication in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Longman.
73.
Stevenson, R.L. and R. Cole (1984) `Patterns of Foreign News', in R.L. Stevenson and D.L. Shaw (eds) Foreign News and the New World Information Order. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
74.
Stevenson, R.L. and G.D. Gaddy (1984) ` “Bad News” and the Third World', in R.L. Stevenson and D.L. Shaw (eds) Foreign News and the New World Information Order. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
75.
Straubhaar, J. , C. Heeter, B. Greenberg, R.H. Wicks, L. Ferreira and T. Lau (1986) `What Makes News: An Eight-Country Comparison of Western, Socialist and Third World Television Newscasts', paper presented to the International Communication Association Convention, Chicago, IL.
76.
Straughan, D.M. (1986) `A Study of News Values and their Effect on Reader Interest in Third World News', unpublished PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
77.
Tsang, K. (1992) `A Theory of Social Propinquity: A General Systems Approach to International News Research', paper presented at the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Convention, Montreal, Canada.
78.
Tsang, K. , Y. Tsai and S. Liu (1988) `Geographic Emphases of International News Studies', Journalism Quarterly65(1): 191-194.
79.
UNESCO (1980) Many Voices, One World. Paris: UNESCO.
80.
Vilanilam, J.V. (1972) `Foreign News in Two US Newspapers and Indian Newspapers during Selected Periods', Gazette18: 96-108.
81.
Vilanilam, J.V. (1983) `Foreign Policy as a Dominant Factor in Foreign News Selection and Presentation', Gazette32: 73-85.
82.
Weaver, J.B. , C.J. Potter and M.E. Evans (1984) `Patterns in Foreign News Coverage on US Network TV: A 10-Year Analysis', Journalism Quarterly61: 356-363.
83.
Westerståhl, J. and F. Johansson (1994) `Foreign News: News Values and Ideologies', European Journal of Communication9(1): 71-89.
84.
Wilke, J. and B. Rosenberger (1994) `Importing Foreign News: A Case Study of the German Service of the Associated Press', Journalism Quarterly71(2): 421-432.
85.
Wu, H.D. (1997) `Systemic Determinants of International News Coverage in Four Developed Nations: Germany, Japan, New Zealand, and the US', paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication National Convention, Chicago, IL, August.
86.
Zucker, H.G. (1978) `The Variable Nature of News Media Influence', in B.D. Ruben (ed.) Communication Yearbook No.2. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
