Markets are social and political constructs and regulation the means to their construction. The article considers why both regulation and telecommunications have been absent from mainstream development theory and looks at some of the practical difficulties of regulating telecoms in a number of low income and lower middle income countries.
Ado, Abdul Rahman (1997) `Key Issues in Telecommunications Regulation: Legitimation in Nigeria', Project Report for Certificate: Introduction to Telecommunications Regulation, International Institute for Regulators in Telecommunications.
2.
Ambrose, William W. , Paul Hennemeyer and Jean-Paul Chapon (1990) Privatizing Telecommunications Systems. Business Opportunities in Developing Countries, International Finance Corporation, Discussion Paper No. 10. Washington, DC: World Bank.
3.
Browne, Robert S. and Robert J. Cummings (1984) The Lagos Plan of Action vs the Berg Report. Lawrenceville, VA: Brunswick.
4.
Fruhwith, Tebayo (1996) `The Ideal Regulatory Framework for Swaziland - The Provision of Universal Service Obligations and Tariff Regulation', Project Report for Certificate: Introduction to Telecommunications Regulation, International Institute for Regulators in Telecommunications.
5.
Hills, Jill (1990) `Telecommunications Rich and Poor', Third World Quarterly12(2): 71-89.
6.
Hills, Jill (1994) `A Global Industrial Policy. US Hegemony and GATT. The Liberalization of Telecommunications', Review of International Political Economy1(2): 257-279.
7.
ITU (International Telecommunication Union) (1996-7) World Telecommunication Development Report. Geneva: ITU.
8.
Joëwia, Jüri (1995) `A Recommended Model for a Telecommunications Regulator in Estonia', Project Report for Certificate: Introduction to Telecommunications Regulation, International Institute for Regulators in Telecommunications.
9.
Kopani, Hydajet (1996) `Introduction to Regulatory Mechanisms for Telecommunication Environment in Albania', Project Report for Certificate: Introduction to Telecommunications Regulation, International Institute for Regulators in Telecommunications.
10.
Mphoeng, Oabitsa Tamasiga (1997) `The Evolution of the Telecommunications Regulatory Framework in Botswana', Project Report for Certificate: Introduction to Telecommunications Regulation, International Institute for Regulators in Telecommunications.
11.
Mustafa, Mohammed A. , Bruce Laidlaw and Mark Brand (1997) Telecommunications for Sub-Saharan Africa, World Bank Discussion Paper No. 353. Washington, DC: World Bank.
12.
Nulty, Timothy E. and Eric Schineidewind (1989) `Regulatory Policy for Telecommunications', pp. 28-39 in Bjorn Welleniuset al. (eds) Restructuring and Managing the Telecommunications Sector. Washington, DC: World Bank.
13.
Opoku-Mensah, Aida (1995) `Telecommunications Liberalisation in Africa', MA dissertation, City University, London.
14.
Saunders, Robert (1982) `Telecommunications in Developing Countries: Constraints on Development', pp. 190-209 in M. Jussawalla and D. Lampton (eds) Communications and Economic Development. London: Pergamon Press.
15.
Saunders, Robert , J.J. Warford and B. Wellenius (1983) Telecommunications and Economic Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.
16.
Schultz, Richard J. (1994) `Regulation and Telecommunications Reform: Exploring the Alternatives', pp. 473-483 in Bjorn Wellenius and Peter Stern (eds) Implementing Reforms in the Telecommunications Sector. Lessons from Experience. Washington, DC: World Bank.
17.
Tshering, Phub (1996) `Restructuring of the Telecommunications Operator and Establishment of a Regulatory Body in Bhutan', Project Report for Certificate: Introduction to Telecommunications Regulation, International Institute for Regulators in Telecommunications.
18.
Tsietsi, Motsoela (1997) `Challenges for the Telecommunications Regulator in Botswana', Project Report for Certificate: Introduction to Telecommunications Regulation, International Institute for Regulators in Telecommunications.
19.
Wellenius, Bjorn and Peter Stern (eds) (1994) Implementing Reforms in the Telecommunications Sector. Lessons from Experience. Washington, DC: World Bank.
20.
Wellenius, Bjornet al. (1993) Telecommunications World Bank Experience and Strategy, World Bank Discussion Paper No. 192. Washington, DC: World Bank.
21.
World Bank (1993) Argentina's Privatization Program: Experience, Issues and Lessons. Washington, DC: World Bank.
22.
World Bank (1994) Infrastructure for Development: World Development Report 1994. Washington, DC: World Bank.
23.
World Bank (1997) The State in a Changing World: World Development Report 1997. Washington, DC: World Bank.