The independent press in Africa's multiparty states of the 1990s has developed a confrontational relationship with governments, which is largely being brought about by the press's own unprofessional behaviour. The confrontational relationship is causing governments to introduce measures, legal and otherwise, aimed at making the press behave responsibly, in the absence of effective self-regulating mechanisms by the press itself. These measures are likely to lead to the subjugation of the independent press by governments once again and the reintroduction of dictatorship in Africa at the turn of the millennium and beyond. When this happens, the independent press will have to bear the bulk of the blame for loss of press freedom and democracy.
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2.
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6.
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7.
Kasoma, Francis P. (1992c) `Press Freedom and the African Charter on Human and People's Rights', paper presented at the Special Seminar on the African Charter on Human and People's Rights and its Impact on Communication Policy and Practice, African Council for Communication Education (ACCE) and International Association for Mass Communication Research (IAMCR) on the occasion of the 8th ACCE biennial conference, Cairo, Egypt, 16-23 October.
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10.
Kasoma, Francis P. (1993b) `Freedom of the Press and Professionalism in Zambia', paper presented at the Press Association of Zambia National Symposium on the Role of the Zambian Media in the Third Republic, Zambia Institute of Mass Communication, Lusaka, 4-6 February.
11.
Kasoma, Francis P. (1993c) `The Zambian Media and the Change to Multiparty Politics: Lessons for Africa', paper presented at the Symposium on Communication and the Media: Democratisation and Identity, Possible Areas of Media Research in an African Context, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe, 22-25 August.
12.
Kasoma, Francis P. (1994a) `Developing Pluralistic and Independent Media as Bastions of Democracy in Africa', paper presented at the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) conference on Promoting a Culture of Democracy and Human Rights in Southern Africa, Maputo, Mozambique, 7-11 February.
13.
Kasoma, Francis P. (1994b) `Adversarial role of the Press in Zambia: Ethical Perspectives', paper presented at the Seminar on Ethics, The Media and the Law, Ministry of Legal Affairs, Siavonga, Zambia, 28-29 October.
14.
Kasoma, Francis P. (1994c) `Ethical Issues in Reporting Politics', pp. 326-351 in Charles Okigbo (ed.) Reporting Politics and Public Affairs. Nairobi: African Council for Communication Education.
15.
Kasoma, Francis P. (1995a) `The Role of the Independent Media in Africa's Change to Democracy', Media, Culture & Society17: 537-555.
16.
Kasoma, Francis P. (1995b) `Press Freedom in Multiparty Democratic Zambia', paper presented at the Zambia We Want Seminar, National College of Management and Development Studies, Kabwe, 11-14 January.
17.
Kasoma, Francis P. (1996) `The Foundations of African Ethics (Afriethics) and the Professional Practice of Journalism: The Case for Society-Centred Media Morality', paper presented at the 10th Biennial Conference of the African Council of Communication Education, Cape Town, South Africa, 15-22 November.
18.
Kasoma, Francis P. (1997) `The Role of the Independent Media in Africa's Change to Democracy', pp. 237-243 in Lorne Tepperman, James Curtis, Susannah J. Wilson and Alan Wain (eds) Small World: Readings in Sociology, 2nd edn.Scarborough, Ontario: Prentice-Hall.
19.
Kasoma, Francis P. (forthcoming) `Press and Politics in Zambia', in Ritchard M'bayo (ed.) Press and Politics in Africa.
20.
Kasoma, Francis P. (in press) `Independent Media, Professionalism and Ethics in Journalism Education', in Luke Uka Uche (ed.) The Youth, Press Freedom, Media Pluralism and Emerging Civil Society in Africa. Lagos: Nigerian UNESCO Commission, UNESCO Paris and the International Commission of Youth Culture.
21.
Magayu, Magayu K. and Kibisu Kabatesi (eds) (1992) `A New Democratic Error?', a report of a journalism seminar on Ethical Decision-Making in News Processing in Multiparty Kenya, 23-25 September.
22.
Ng'weno, Hilary (1991) `The Situation and Perspectives of the Independent Press in Africa', paper presented to the Seminar on Promoting an Independent and Pluralistic African Press, UNESCO, Windhoek, Namibia, 29 April-3 May.
23.
Ochieng, Philip (1992) I Accuse the Press. Nairobi: Initiatives Publishers.
24.
Powe, Lucas A., Jr (1992) The Fourth Estate and the Constitution: Freedom of the Press in America, New Delhi: Affiliated East-West Press.
25.
Rosen, Jay (1994) ` Making Things More Public: On the Political Responsibility of the Media Intellectual', Critical Studies in Mass Communication11(4): 363-388.
26.
Stoler, Peter (1986) The War Against the Press: Politics, Pressure and Intimidation in the 80s. New York: Dodd Mead.
27.
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