This qualitative field study examines the major educational and training programs in journalism in Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia and difficulties posed by the political, legal and media structural factors in the application of professional skills acquired through journalism education. Interviews with journalists, academics, students and media administrators in North Africa reveal that a variety of constraints are adversely affecting professionalism in journalism and contributing to the disillusionment of an increasing number of professional journalists. Implications for journalism education are considered.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Abdesslam, Abou Malik (May 12, 1994) Journalist, Maghreb Arabe Presse, Rabat, Morocco. Personal interview.
2.
Adhoum, Mounir (1992) 'Tunisia's Response to the Advent of European Direct Broadcast Satellite Television'. Paper presented at the AEJMC Convention in Montreal, Canada.
3.
Adwan, Nawaf (May 16, 1994) Director of Research, Arab States BroadcastingUnion, Tunis, Tunisia. Personal interview.
4.
AP (Oct. 19, 1994) 'Algerian newspapers strike over murdered reporters'. Story retrieved from computer on-line service.
5.
AP (Dec. 4, 1994) 'Algeria pledges press protection as editor dies'. Story retrieved from computer on-line service.
6.
AP (Dec. 4, 1994) 'Algerian publisher dies'. Story retrieved from computer on-line service.
7.
AP (Dec. 15, 1994) 'Two journalists shot in Algeria'. Story retrieved from computer on-line service.
8.
AP (Feb. 17, 1995) 'Journalist Killed in Algeria'. Story retrieved from computer on-line service.
Azouz, Fathi (May 20, 1994) Information officer. Tunisian External Communication Agency, Tunis, Tunisia . Personal interview.
11.
Benjarook, Ahmed (May 19, 1994) Information officer, Embassy of Algeria , Tunis, Tunisia. Personal interview.
12.
Besbes, Ezzeddine (May 19, 1994) Director, Agence Tunisienne de Communication Exterieure, Tunis, Tunisia. Personal interview.
13.
Boyd, Douglas (1993) Broadcasting in the Arab World: A Survey of Electronic Media in the Middle East (Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press).
14.
CAPJC, (1983-1992) (Tunis: Secretariat d'Etat à l'Information).
15.
Code de la Presse au Maroc (1992) (Rabat: Ministry of Information).
16.
Code de la Presse (1993) Revue Tunisienne de Communication. (24) (Tunis: Institut de Presse et des Sciences de l'Information).
17.
El Youssoufi, Naziha (May 11, 1994) Faculty member, Higher Institute of Journalism , Rabat, Morocco. Personal interview.
18.
Fisher, W.B. (1991) 'Libya'. In The Middle East and North Africa 1992 (London: Europa Publications).
19.
Herguem, Abdelhafidah (May 20, 1994) Director-General, Radiodiffusion Television Tunisienne, Tunis, Tunisia. Personal interview.
20.
Kamalipour, Yahya R. & Mowlana, Hamid (1974) Mass Media in the Middle East (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press ).
21.
Kara, Jalila (May 17, 1994) News and Sports Coordinator, Arab States BroadcastingUnion, Tunis, Tunisia. Personal interview.
22.
Keesing's Record of World Events (May 1988) 'Libya'. 34(5) (New York: Longman).
23.
Laamouri, Mohamed (May 10, 1994) Director, Institut Superieur de Journalisme , Rabat, Morocco. Personal interview.
24.
McDaniel, Drew O. (1982) 'Libya'. In Douglas A. Boyd Broadcasting in the Arab World (Philadelphia: Temple University Press).
25.
Methnani, Ridha (May 18 and 19, 1994) Dean, Institute of Press and Information Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia. Personal interview.
26.
Metz, Helen Chapin (1989) Libya: A Country Study (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office).
27.
Najar, Ridha (May 20, 1994 ) Director, Centre Africain de Perfectionnement des Journalistes et Communicateurs, Tunis, Tunisia . Personal interview.
28.
Osman, Dalila Ben (May 19, 1994) Faculty member at the Institute of Press and Information Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia. Personal interview.
29.
Reuters (March 16, 1995) '73 Journalists Reported Killed Worldwide in 1994'. Story retrieved from computer on-line service.
30.
RTM English Service Staff (May 12, 1994) Personal interview with staff members Hamid Benchekroun, Abdellah Tassaft, Naziha El Youssoufi, Zouhour Himmich and Badia Benaddi in Rabat, Morocco.
31.
Rugh, William A. (1979) The Arab Press (Syracuse, NY : Syracuse University Press).
32.
Sabik, Mohammed; Elidrissi, Abdenrhim & Zahri, Hamid (May 9, 1994) Students at the Higher Institute of Journalism , Rabat, Morocco. Personal interview.
33.
The Straits Times, Singapore (Jan. 7, 1993) 'Algeria to gag press as war on extremists hots up'. (Singapore).
34.
The Tunisian Mass Media (1994) Typed information provided the Tunisian External Communication Agency.
35.
Union de Radiodiffusion des Etats Arabes (1994). (Tunis: Union de Radiodiffusion des Etats Arabes).
