Development of trade rules for international telecommunications within the ongoing General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) negotiations and the recently- concluded North American Free Trade Agreement represent a significant shift in policymaking. Historically, telecommunication has been the responsibility of national governmental authorities, whether through public sector service provision or regulation. However, the increasing incorporation of communication and information resources into the transnational corporate economy in the past two decades has prompted efforts to shift control to the private sector. This study analyses the impact of a trade framework for telecommunications services on international and national policy-making.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AndrewsB. (1991). Phone interview, Washington D.C., September 16, 1991.
2.
AronsonJ.D., and CowheyP.F. (1988). When Countries Talk: International trade in Telecommunications Services.Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Company.
3.
BesenS.M., and FarrelJ. (1991). The role of the ITU in standardization: pre-eminence, impotence or rubber stamp?Telecommunications Policy15, 4 August 1991: 311–322.
4.
BettigR. (1990). Extending the Law of Intellectual Property: Hollywood's Anti-Videocassette Piracy Campaign, Journal of Communication Inquiry, 14: 2.
5.
Batista (Embaixador)P.N. (1987). O comercio de servicos: a visao brasileira, Panorama da technologia, Fevereiro 1987.
6.
The Business Roundtable, (1985). International Information Flow: A Plan for Action.New York, NY: The Business Roundtable. January.
7.
CoateR.A. (1988). Unilateralism, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy: The United States In and Out of UNESCO.Boulder, CO: Lynne Reiner Publishers Inc.
8.
Communications Systems Worldwide, (1987). Why WATTC Matters, London, England, November (Reprinted in: Teleclippings, Geneva: International Telecommunication Union, No, 827 11 January 1988, p. 14).
9.
CowheyP., and AronsonJ.D. (1991). The ITU in transition, Telecommunications Policy15, 4 August 1991: 298–310.
10.
CoxR.W. (1987). Production, Power and World Order: Social Forces in the Making of History.New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
11.
Chronicle of International Communication (1984). Tale of Two Cities. Vol. 5, September 1984: 1, 5.
12.
CrawfordM. (1980). Toward an Information Age Debate, Chronicle of International Communication, Vol. 1, December 1980: 2.
13.
CrawfordM. (1990). The Common Market for Telecommunications and Information Services, Cambridge, MA: Program on Information Resources Policy, Harvard University, July 1990.
14.
DeutschK. (1963). Nationalism and Social Communication.New York, NY: Free Press.
15.
DixonH. (1992). Telecommunications: On a Triple Springboard, Financial Times, January 31, 1992: 14.
16.
DrakeW.J. (1988). WATTC-88: restructuring the International Telecommunication Regulations, Telecommunications Policy, 12, 3 September 1988: 217–233.
17.
DrakeW.J., and NicolaidisK. (1992). Ideas, interests and institutionalization: trade in services and the Uruguay Round, International Organization46, 1, Winter 1992: 37–100.
18.
DunkelA. (1992). Telecomm Services and the Uruguay Round, Transnational Data and Communications Report, 15, January/February 1992.
19.
DysonK., and HumphriesP. (1990). The Political Economy of International Communications, London, England: Routledge.
20.
EckesA.E. (1992). Trading American Interests, Foreign Affairs, 71, 4, Fall 1992: 135–154.
21.
The Economist (1992). After Uruguay: The GATT is worth having for what it is - even more for what it could become, February 8, 1992: 18.
22.
EgerJ. (1981). The International information War, Computer-world/EXTRA! March 18, 1981.
23.
FarnsworthC.H. (1988). Brazil and India Fight New Copyright Rules, The New York Times, December 7, 1988: D2.
24.
FeketekutyG., and AronsonJ.D. (1983). The World Information Economy, paper presented to the Policy Issues in the Canadian-American Information Sector conference, Montreal, Canada, November 17-18, 1983.
25.
FinkelsteinL., (Ed.) (1988). Politics in the United Nations System, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
26.
GanleyO. (1983). Political Resolution of Communications and Information Disputes, Transnational Data Report, VI, 6 September 1983.
27.
GamhamN. (1986). The media and the public sphere, in GoldingP., MurdockG., and SchlesingerP. (eds.), Communicating Politics: Mass communications and the political process, Leicester, England: Leicester University Press.
28.
GibbsM. (1985). Continuing the International Debate on Services, Journal of the World Trade Law, 19, 3 May/June 1985: 199–218.
29.
GibbsM., and MashayekhiM. (1988). Services: Cooperation for Development, Journal of World Trade, 22, 2, 1988: 81–108.
30.
GilhoolyD. (1991). ITU Shake-Up Urged: High-level Group Recommends Streamlining, Communications Week International Paris, France, March 18, 1991.
31.
GilhoolyD. (1988). WATTC-88 - Keeping the Luddites at Bay, Telecommunications, International Edition, London, January.
32.
ConclavesR. (1987). Tecnologia, servicos e negociacoes multilaterais, Rev. Brasileiro Tecnologia, Brasilia 18, 1, January 1987.
33.
HamelinkC. (1983). Finance and Information: A Study of Converging Interests, Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corp.
34.
(Ambassador)HelmanG.B. (1992). After WARC, Transnational Data and Communications Report, May/June.
35.
HughesT.L. (1985-86). The Twilight of Internationalism, Foreign Policy, 61: 25–48.
36.
International Telecommunication Union (1982). International Telecommunication Convention, Nairobi, 1982, Geneva: International Telecommunication Union.
37.
International Telecommunication Union (1991). High level Committee to Review the Structure and Functioning of the ITU, Tomorrow's ITU: The Challenges of Change, Geneva: International Telecommunication Union Document 145-E, 26 April 1991.
38.
International Telecommunication Union (1991b). Restructuring of Telecommunications in Developing Countries, Geneva: International Telecommunication Union May 1991.
39.
Journal of Communication, (1987) World Forum: the US Decision to Withdraw from Unesco, 37.
40.
KihwanK. (1986). Trade Negotiations and Developing Countries in the Asian and Pacific Region, Asian Development Review, 4, 2, 1986: 37–56.
41.
KloppenburgJ.Jr. (1991). No Hunting!, Cultural Survival Quarterly, Cambridge, MA: Cultural Survival Inc.15, 3, Summer 1991.
42.
KolkoJ., & G. (1972). The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-54, New York, NY: Harper & Row.
43.
McClellandS. (1992). Working Out WARC, Telecommunications, International Edition, London, England, 26, 3, March 1992.
44.
MahoneyE. (1985). Space WARC'85: Negotiating Competitive Forces, Journal of Communication, 35, 3, Summer 1985.
45.
MahoneyE. (1989). The Intergovernmental Bureau for Informatics: An International Organization within the Changing World Economy, in: MoscoV., and WaskoJ. (eds.) The Political Economy of Information, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
46.
MahoneyE. (forthcoming). The Utilization of International Communications Organizations, 1978-1992, in: NordenstrengK., and SchillerH.I. (eds.), Beyond National Sovereignty, Ablex Publishing Corp.
47.
MahoneyE. (forthcoming). Managing the Third World Information Revolution: The IBI, Computing and Development Politics, 1945-1990, Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publishing Company.
48.
MattelartA. (1992). Advertising International: The Privatisation of Public Space, London, England: Routledge.
49.
Media Development, (1990). NWICO and the democratisation of communication: One step forward, two steps back, 37, 3, 1990: 25–37.
MoscoV. (1989). The Pay-Per Society: Computers and Communication in the Information Age, Toronto, Canada: Garamond Press.
52.
NoraS., and MincA. (1980). The Computerization of Society, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
53.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1988). Trade in Telecommunication Network-Based Services, Working Party on Telecommunications and Information Services Policy, Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, Paris: OECD DSTI/ICCP/TISP/88.2, 30 May 1988.
54.
PipeG.R. (1987). The Ultimate Bypass, Datamation, International Edition, August 1, 1987: 60-1-60-9.
55.
PoeR. (1992). Spectrum Fight, CommunicationsWeek International, Paris, France January 20, 1992.
56.
PrestonR. (1991). GATT on Rocks, Communications Week International, February 4, 1991.
57.
PrestonW.Jr.HermanE.S., and SchillerH.I., (1989). Hope and Folly: The United States and UNESCO, 1945-1985, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
58.
PrestowitzC.V., TonelsonA., and JeromeR.W., The Last Gasp of GATTism, Harvard Business Review, March-April 1991: 130-139.
59.
Public Network Europe, (1992). Hard WARC, but it was worth it, London, England 2, 4, April 1992: 10-11.
60.
RaghavanC. (1990). Recolonization: GATT, the Uruguay Round, and the Third World, London, England: Zed Books.
61.
RandhawaP.S. (1987). Punta del Este and After: Negotiations on Trade in Services and the Uruguay Round, Journal of World Trade Law, 21, 4, 1987: 163–172.
62.
RocheE.M. (1987). The Computer Communications Lobby, the U.S. Department of State Working Group on Transborder Data Flows and Adoption of the O.E.C.D. Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Data Rows of Personal Data, New York, NY: Columbia University, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis.
63.
RutkowskiA.M., (1991). The ITU at the cusp of change, Telecommunications Policy, 15, 4 August 1991: 286–297.
64.
SainathP. (1992). Patent Folly: Behind the Jargon on Intellectual Property Rights, Bombay, India: The Indian School of Social Sciences.
65.
SauvantK.P. (1986). International Transactions in Services: The Politics of Transborder Data Flows, Boulder, CO: Westview Press Inc.
66.
SavageJ.G. (1989). The Politics of International Telecommunications Regulation, Boulder, CO: Westview Press Inc.
67.
SchillerD. (1982). Telematics and Government, Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
68.
SchillerD., and FregosaL., (forthcoming). Digitalization of Telecommunications, in NordenstrengK., and SchillerH.I. (eds.), Beyond National Sovereignty, Ablex Publishing Corp.
69.
SchillerH.I. (1981). Who Knows: Information in the Age of the Fortune 500, Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
70.
SchillerH.I. (1984). Information and the Crisis Economy, Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
71.
SchillerH.I. (1976). Communication and Cultural Domination, White Plains, NY: International Arts and Sciences Press, Inc.
72.
SmytheD, (1957). The Structure and Policy of Electronic Communication, Bulletin of Economic and Business Research, Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois, 54, 75, June 1957.
73.
SolomonJ., (1991). The ITU is a time of change, Telecommunications Policy, 15, 4 August 1991: 372–75.
74.
SperoJ. (1982). Information: The Foreign Policy Void, Foreign Policy, No. 48, Fall 1982.
75.
SussmanG., and LentJ. (1991). Transnational Communications: Wiring the Third World, Newbury Park, CA: Sage publications.
76.
Telecommunications Reports International, (1990). U.S. Coalition Aims to Exclude Basic Services from GATT Pact, Washington, D.C.: Business Research Publications:1–2.
77.
Telecommunications Reports International, (1992). U.S. Offers Basic Service “MFN” if GATT Partners Open Markets, Washington, D.C.: Business Research Publications:15–16.
78.
ThurowL., (1991). GATT is Dead, Journal of Accountancy, February 1991: 27, 29–30.
79.
United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations (1990) Transnational Corporations, Services and the Uruguay Round, New York, NY: United Nations Publications.
80.
United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations, (1983). Transborder Data Flows and Brazil, New York, NY: United Nations Publications.
81.
United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations, (1981). Strengthening the Negotiating Capacity of Developing Countries. Transnational Corporations and Transborder Data Flows: an overview, New York, NY: United Nations Publications.
82.
United States Congressional Research Service, (1983), International Telecommunications and Information Policy: Selected Issues for the 1980's, A Report prepared for the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office.
83.
United States Department of State (1991). United States Participation in the UN: Report by the President to the Congress for the year 1990, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1991.
84.
United Nations Department of State, (1990). United States Participation in the UN: Report by the President of the Congress for the year 1989, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, December 1990.
85.
United Nations Department of State, (1988). New Policy Directions: Analysis of the Relevance of the Trade Committee's ‘Conceptual Framework for Trade in Services to Trade in Nonbasic Telecommunications Network-based Services’, Submission of the United States to the Committee on Information, computers and Communications Policy of the OECD, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of States, Bureau of International Communications and Information Policy. October 27, 1988.
86.
United States Office of Technology Assessment, (1990). Critical Connections: Communication for the Future, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, January 1990.
87.
United States Office of Technology Assessment, (1987). International Competition in Services: Banking, Building, Software, Know-how, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, July 1987.
88.
United States Office of Technology Assessment, (1980). Radiofrequency Use and Management: Impacts from the World Administrative Radio Conference of 1979, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980.
89.
United States Office of the Trade Representative, (1990). Foreign Trade Barriers, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
90.
United States Senate (1983). Long Range Goals in International Telecommunications and Information: An Outline for United States Policy, for the Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation of the U.S. Senate, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, March, 11, 1983.
91.
WarnerE. (1992). Motorola, Other MSS Players Evaluate WARC Wins and Losses, FCC Week, April 6, 1992.
92.
WilliamsM. (1991). Third World Cooperation: The Group of 77 in UNCTAD, London, England: Pinter Publishers Ltd.
93.
WoodR.E. (1986). From Marshall Plan to Debt Crisis: Foreign Aid and Development Choices in the World Economy, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
94.
WoodrowR.B. (1991). Tilting toward a trade regime: the ITU and the Uruguay Round services negotiations, Telecommunications Policy, 15, 4 August 1991: 323–342.
