The author acknowledges with thanks permission to use some data and information from the unpublished paper "The Muslim Media", by Dr. Abdullah Aslam, presented at the conference organized by the Ministry of Education, Government of Malaysia, at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, July 1987.
2.
Muqhees-ud-din, 'Islamic Concept of Mass Communication,' Journal of Research (Humanities), University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan 15, no. 2 (1980):89.
3.
Summer E. David , 'The Religious Press: A Case Study', Journalism Quarterly66, no. 3 ( 1989):721.
4.
Unpublished proceedings of the First International Conference of Muslim Journalists, jointly organized by the Organization of Islamic Conference , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and the Ministry of Information, Government of Indonesia, held at Jakarta, Indonesia, September 1981.
5.
Mowlana, Hamid , 'Technology Versus Tradition: Communication in the Iranian Revolution', Journal of Communication29, no. 3 (1979):112.
6.
Ibid.:111.
7.
Fathi, Asqhar , 'The Role of Islamic Pulpit,' Journal of Communication29, no. 3 (1979):105.
8.
Schleifer, S. Abdullah, 'Islam and Information: Need, Feasibility and Limitations of an Independent Islamic News Agency,' American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences3, no. 1 (1986):122.
9.
Boyd, Douglas A, Broadcasting in the Arab World: A Survey of Radio and Television in the Middle East. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1982;
10.
Douglas A. Boyd, 'International Broadcasting to the Arab World: Cultural, Economic, and Political Motivations for Transnational Radio Communications,' Gazette44, (1989):107.
11.
Ogan, Christine L., 'Mass Media Use Factors in a Turkish Squatter Settlement: A 23-year study panel,' Gazette40 (1987):145.
12.
Sreberny-Mohammadi, Annabelle, 'The "World of the News" Study,' Journal of Communication (Winter 1984):121.
13.
Brennan, Timothy , Salman Rushdie and the Third World: Myths of the Nation (New York: St. Martin Press, 1989), pp. 184-186.
14.
Mazrui, Ali A. , The Satanic Verses or a Satanic Novel: The Moral Dilemmas of the Rushdie Affairs. New York: The Committee of Muslim Scholars and Leaders of North America, 1989; Majid Ali Khan.The Holy Verses. New Delhi, India: Islamic Research Foundation, 1989; Ahmad Deedat.How Rushdie Fooled the West. Woodside, New York: IPCI, 1989; Icna.The Quranic Verses, Chicago: ICNA, 1989; Mutaharunnisa Omer.The Holy Prophet and the Satanic Slander, Madras, India: The Women's Islamic Social and Educational Service Trust, 1989; These are but a selection from a voluminous list of articles, monographs, and books written by Muslim Scholars on Rushdie affairs.
15.
For example: Krippendorff, Klaus, 'An Epistemological Foundation for Communication ,' Journal of Communication34, no. 3 (1984):21; Beatty, Kathleen M. and Oliver Walter.'Religious Preference and Practice: Reevaluating Their Impact on Political Tolerance', Public Opinion Quarterly48 (1984 ):318; Alwin, Duane F. and Jon A. Krosnick, 'The Measurement of Values in Surveys: A Comparison of Ratings and Rankings,' Public Opinion Quarterly49 (1985 ):535; Lange, James C., 'National Development and News Values: The Press in the Third World and the West,' Gazette33 (1984):69.
16.
Addresses were obtained from the headquarters of the Riyadh based World Assembly of Muslim Youth. The questionnaire consisted of 25 questions.
17.
Ahmad Khurshid and Zafar Ishaque Ansari eds., Islamic Perspectives, Studies in Honour of Mawlana Sayyid Abul Ala Mawdudi (Leicester, U.K.: The Islamic Foundations, 1979), p. 361.
18.
Ahsan, Abdullah Al., OIC. The Organization of the Islamic Conference: An Introduction to an Islamic Political Institution (Herndon, Virginia: The International Institute of Islamic Thought, 1988), p. 38.
19.
Ibid.: p. 39.
20.
Schleifer, S. Abdullah, op. cit.: p. 113.
21.
Ibid.
22.
Aslam Abdullah, op. cit.
23.
Unfortunately none of the more than 20 questionnaires addressed to media publications in Iran were received back. So no data or information about the post revolutionary Iranian media was included in this study.
24.
Information based on the answer and personal conversation with Aslam Abdullah, Chief Editor, The Minaret, Islamic Center of Southern California, Los Angeles.
