O. Neustätter , 'The "Emerods" of the Book of Samuel', Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 114 [1940], 1106.
2.
F.H. Church , 'Syphilis of the center of the face', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, Vol. 7 [1939], 707.
3.
Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, VI, i, 1 (Loeb Classics edition, Vol. 5, 165).
4.
L.F. Hirst, The conquest of plague (Oxford University Press [1953]), 9.
5.
F. Tidswell and J.A. Dick, 'Bubonic plague in 1141 B.C.', Australasian Medical Gazette, Vol. 18 [1899], 413.
6.
G.R. Driver , 'The plague of the Philistines (1 Samuel v. 6-vi. 16)', Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society [April number, 1950], 50-52, and J.F.D. Shrewsbury, The Plague of the Philistines (Gollancz [1964]), 30-32. Driver leans heavily on Shrewsbury for medical detail which he obtained in personal communication with him.
7.
O. Neustätter , 'Where did the identification of the Philistine plague (1 Samuel 5 & 6) as bubonic plague originate?', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, Vol. 11 [1942], 36-47.
8.
O. Thenius, Commentary on Samuel in Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zum A.T (Leipzig [1842]).
9.
F. Brown, S.R. Driver and C.A. Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (Clarendon Press, Oxford [1906]), 979.
H.P. Smith, The International Critical Commentary on Samuel (T. & T. Clark [1899]), 41.
12.
G.B. Caird, The Interpreter's Bible (Abingdon Press, Nashville), Vol. 2 [1953], 905. The translators of the N.E.B. accept the first addition and include it in their version, but they reject the second.
13.
P.R. Ackroyd , The Cambridge Bible Commentary on the First Book of Samuel (Cambridge University Press [1971]), 55.
14.
P. R. Ackroyd, op. cit., 56.
15.
For references to the association between rats and plague in other countries and cultures before its causal nature was discovered see W. J. Simpson, A Treatise on Plague (Cambridge University Press [1905]), 96, 97.
16.
The Hebrew text of 6 reads 'fifty thousand and seventy men', but this is an impossible figure for the population of a village such as Bethshemesh. The number seventy is much more likely to be original.
17.
S.H. Blondheim , 'The first recorded epidemic of pneumonic plague ', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, Vol. 29 [1955], 337-345.
