The present study addresses the measurement of trait mood by examining a set of new scales to measure four separate dimensions: positive energy, tiredness, negative arousal, and relaxation. The data were divided into two halves. On the first half of the data, separate exploratory factor analyses were performed for each dimension using 15 items chosen from various sources to represent each dimension of mood. On the second half of the data, separate confirmatory factor analyses identified the items for which the data best fit the model. The factor analyses produced conceptually meaningful scales whose scores varied in internal consistency reliabilities ranging from .87 to .93. Relationships among the scales match the predictions of theories by Burke, Brief, George, Roberson, and Webster; Thayer; and Watson and Tellegen.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Bagozzi, R. P. (1993). An examination of the psychometric properties of measures of negative affect in the PANAS-X scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 836-851.
2.
Baker, J. B. , Zevon, M. A., & Rounds, J. A. (1994). Differences in positive and negative affect dimensions: Latent trait analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 161-167.
3.
Brief, A. P. , Burke, M. J., George, J. M., Robinson, B. S., & Webster, J. (1988). Should negative affectivity remain an unmeasured variable in the study of job stress?Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 193-198.
4.
Burke, M. J. , Brief, A. P., George, J. M., Roberson, L., & Webster, J. (1989). Measuring affect at work: Confirmatory analyses of competing structures with conceptual linkage to cortical regulatory systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1091-1102.
5.
Cacioppo, J. T. , Gardner, W. L., & Bemtson, G. G. (1997). Beyond bipolar conceptualizations and measures: The case of attitudes and evaluative space. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 3-25.
6.
Chen, P. Y , & Spector, P. E. (1991). Negative affectivity as the underlying cause between stressors and strains. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 398-407.
7.
Clore, G. L. , Ortony, A., & Foss, M. A. (1987). The psychological foundations of the affective lexicon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 751-766.
8.
Comrey, A. L. , & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
9.
Diener, E. , Smith, H., & Fujita, F (1995). The personality structure of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 130-141.
10.
Fabrigar, L. R. , Visser, P. S., & Browne, M. W. (1997). Conceptual and methodological issues in testing the circumplex structure of data in personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 184-203.
11.
George, J. M. (1989). Mood and absence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 317-324.
12.
George, J. M. (1990). Personality, affect and behavior in groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 107-116.
13.
George, J. M. (1991). State or trait: Effects of positive mood on prosocial behaviors at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 299-307.
14.
Herche, J. , & Engelland, B. (1996). Reversed-polarity items and scale unidimensionality. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 24, 366-374.
15.
Isen, A. M. , Clark, M., & Schwartz, M. F. (1976). Duration of the effect of good mood on helping: "Footprints on the sands of time."Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 385-393.
16.
MacCallum, R. C. , Roznowski, M., & Necowitz, L. B. (1992). Model modifications in covariance structure analysis: The problem of capitalization on chance. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 490-504.
17.
Marsh, H. W. , & Hocevar, D. (1985). Application of confirmatory factor analysis to the study of self-concept: First- and higher-order factor models and their invariance across groups. Psychological Bulletin, 97, 562-582.
18.
Munz, D. C. , Huelsman, T. J., Konold, T. R., & McKinney, J. J. (1996). Are there methodological and substantive roles for affectivity in Job Diagnostic Survey relationships?Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 795-805.
19.
Munz, D. C. , & Kohler, J. M. (1997). Do worksite stress management programs attract the employees who need them and are they effective?International Journal of Stress Management,4, 1-11.
20.
Nemanick, R. C., Jr. , & Munz, D. C. (1994). Measuring the poles of negative and positive mood using the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule and Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List. Psychological Reports, 74, 195-199.
21.
Nowlis, V. (1965). Research with the mood adjective check list. In S. S. Thomkins & C. E. Izard (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and personality (pp. 352-389). New York: Springer.
22.
Oldham, G. R. , Cummings, A., Mischel, L. J., Schmidtke, J. M., & Zhou, J. (1995). Listen while you work? Quasi-experimental relations between personal-stereo headset use and employee work responses. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 547-564.
23.
Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161-1178.
24.
Schumacker, R. E. , & Lomax, R. G. (1996). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
25.
Spector, P. E. , Van Katwyk, P. T., Brannick, M. T., & Chen, P. Y (1997). When two factors don't reflect two constructs: How item characteristics can produce artifactual factors. Journal of Management, 23, 659-677.
26.
Thayer, R. E. (1978). Toward a psychological theory of multidimensional activation (arousal). Motivation and Emotion, 2, 1-34.
27.
Thayer, R. E. (1986). Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List: Current overview and structural analysis. Psychological Reports, 58, 607-614.
28.
Thayer, R. E. (1989). The biopsychology of mood and arousal. New York: Oxford University Press.
29.
Watson, D. , Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
30.
Watson, D. , Pennebaker, J. W., & Folger, R. (1987). Beyond negative affectivity: Measuring stress and satisfaction in the workplace. Journal of Organization Behavior Management, 8, 141-157.
31.
Watson, D. , & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219-235.
32.
Zevon, M. A. , & Tellegen, A. (1982). The structure of mood change: An idiographic/nomothetic analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 111-122.
