This article redefines what has been referred to as "negatively worded items" in the literature. The new term—"connotatively inconsistent items"—is more nearly accurate because it has a broader base for generalization. Using generalizability theory with a sample of 102 graduate students, the study showed that connotatively consistent and reversed connotatively inconsistent items were not fully equivalent.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Ahlawat, K. S. (1985). On the negative valence items in self-report measures. Journal of General Psychology, 112(1), 89-99.
2.
Bernstein, I. R. , & Eveland, D. C. (1982). State vs. trait anxiety: A case study in confirmatory factor analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 3, 361-372.
3.
Bonke, B. , Smorenburg, J. M., van der Ent, C. K., & Spielberger, C. D. (1987). Evidence of denial and item intensity specificity in the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 8, 185-191.
4.
Carp, F. M. (1974). Position effects on interview responses. Journal of Gerontology, 29, 581-587.
5.
Chan, J. C. (1991). Response-order effects in Likert-type scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 51, 531-540.
6.
Chang, L. (in press). The Quantitative Attitude Questionnaire: Instrument development and validation. Educational and Psychological Measurement.
7.
Chase, C. I. (1969). Often is where you find it. American Psychologist, 24, 1043.
8.
DeVito, A. J. , & Kubis, J. F. (1983). Alternate forms of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 43, 729-734.
9.
Klockars, A. J. , & Yamagishi, M. (1988). The influence of labels and positions in rating scales. Journal of Educational Measurement, 25, 85-96.
10.
McClendon, M. J. (1986). Response-order effects for dichotomous questions. Social Science - Quarterly, 67, 205-211.
11.
Mook, J. , Kleijn, W. C., & van der Ploeg, H. M. (1991). Symptom-positively and -negatively worded items in two popular self-report inventories of anxiety and depression. Psychological Reports, 69, 551-560.
12.
Payne, J. D. (1972). The effects of reversing the order of verbal rating scales in a postal survey. Journal of Market Research Society, 14, 30-44.
13.
Shavelson, R. J. , & Webb, N. M. (1991). Generalizability theory: A primer. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
14.
Wildt, A. R. , & Mazis, M. B. (1978). Determinants of scale response: Label versus position. Journal of Marketing Research, 15, 261-267.