The Principal Expectancy Motivation Scales (PEMS) measure the constructs of expectancy, instrumentality and valence. The PEMS produce separate measures of motivation toward managerial and instructional aspects of the school principal's role and a total motivational score. Construct validity was assessed through factor analyses and tests of several hypothesized relationships with a sample of 140 New Jersey principals. Coefficient alpha estimates ranged from .74 to .91 for the five scales.
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